英語語法入門：第二部分第3章 名詞性從句

在句中起主語作用的從句稱為主語從句。連接主語從句的連接詞主要有有三類：從屬連詞、連接代詞和連接副詞。

1.從屬連詞

從屬連詞主要有三個(gè)that, whether, if。從屬連詞在從句中不作任何成分。

I didn’t know that you would come until Friday. 直到星期五我才知道你要來。

Whether you can succeed depends on yourself. 成功與否取決于你自己。

2.連接代詞

連接代詞在從句中起名詞的作用, 作主語、賓語、表語、定語等, 一般表示疑問。

who 誰 whom 誰(賓格) whose 誰的 what 什么 which 哪一個(gè) whoever 究竟是誰 whomever 究竟是誰(賓格) whosever 究竟是誰的 whatever 究竟是什么 whichever 究竟是哪一個(gè)

P>Who will be chosen to be in charge of the company hasn’t been decided. 選誰負(fù)責(zé)這個(gè)公司還沒決定。

What measures should be taken depends on the situation. 采取什么措施要根據(jù)情況而定。

3.連接副詞

連接副詞在從句中起副詞的作用, 作狀語, 一般表示疑問, 但有時(shí)可不表示疑問。

when 什么時(shí)候 where 在哪里 why 為什么 how 如何 whenever 究竟是什么時(shí)候

wherever 究竟在哪里 however 究竟如何

When we shall meet again is unknown. (when在從句中作時(shí)間狀語, 表示疑問。)

我們何時(shí)才能相見還不知道呢。

I still remember when we lived together in Japan. (when在從句中作時(shí)間狀語, 表示陳述。)

我依然記得我們?cè)谌毡疽黄鹕钸^的日子。

B.that置于句首的主語從句

1.that置于句首的主語從句

從屬連詞that在主語從句中不作任何成分, 只起連接從句的作用。

That he will come to the conference has excited every one of us.

他要來參加會(huì)議使我們每一個(gè)人都十分激動(dòng)。

That in some countries women are still not treated unequally is unfair.

在一些國家婦女仍然不被平等對(duì)待是不公平的。

2. 形式主語it替代主語從句

常見的it替代主語從句的句式主要有如下幾種：

① It +系動(dòng)詞+形容詞+that從句

常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞常見的有

necessary 必要的 right 正確的 likely 可能的 unlikely 不可能的 wrong 錯(cuò)誤的 important 重要的 certain 明確的 clear 清晰的 obvious 明顯的 strange 奇怪的 natural 自然的

It is certain that most of the farmers have brought in more money by all means.

很明顯, 大多數(shù)農(nóng)民通過各種方式賺了更多錢。

It is likely that there will be a snowstorm tomorrow. 很可能明天會(huì)有一場(chǎng)暴風(fēng)雪。

② It+系動(dòng)詞+名詞+that從句

常用于這種句型的名詞有

a pity 遺憾 a shame 遺憾、恥辱 good news 好消息 a fact 事實(shí)

an honour 榮耀 a wonder 奇跡 no wonder 難怪

It is a pity that you didn’t attend the lecture yesterday. 你昨天沒參加講座真是遺憾。

It’s no wonder that you’ve achieved so much success. 難怪你取得了這么多成功。

③ It+be+動(dòng)詞的-ed+that從句

常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞的-ed形式有

said 據(jù)說 told 有人告訴 heard 有人聽說 reported 據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)

decided 做出決定 suggested 有人建議 advised 有人建議 ordered 根據(jù)命令

remembered 有人記得 thought 有人認(rèn)為 considered 據(jù)認(rèn)為 well known 著名

hoped 有人希望 an nounced 據(jù)宣布 pointed out 有人指出 found out 據(jù)查明

worked out 據(jù)計(jì)算、制定出 turn out 結(jié)果

3.It +特殊動(dòng)詞+that從句

常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊動(dòng)詞有：

seem 看上去 appear 顯得 happen 碰巧 matter 重要

It seems to me that you object to the plan. 在我看來, 你好像反對(duì)這個(gè)計(jì)劃。

It happened to me that I had been away when he called. 他打電話時(shí), 我正好不在家。

4.that主語從句的疑問形式

其疑問形式和一般句子的疑問形式一樣。

Was it decided that they should start the project the next month? 他們下月開始這項(xiàng)工程已經(jīng)定了嗎?

Did it happen to you that you had been out when he called?

他打電話時(shí), 你正好不在家嗎?

注意：

①that引導(dǎo)的句子是一個(gè)完整的陳述句子。

②that引導(dǎo)的主語從句可用形式主語it 替代，將it置前，作形式主語，而把that從句置于句尾。從句放于句首時(shí)that不可省略，從句放于句尾時(shí)that一般不能省略，口語中偶爾可以省略。

如上面的句子常用下面的形式表達(dá)：

it has excited every one of us (that) he will come to the conference.

It is unfair (that) in some countries women are still not treated equally.

C.if/whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句

whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句可置于句首, 但由if引導(dǎo)的主語從句不能置于句首, 只能放于句末。

Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful.

It is doubtful whether the work can be completed on time.

It is doubtful if the work can be completed on time.

這項(xiàng)工作能否按時(shí)完成還值得懷疑呢。

D.wh-類連接詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句

wh-類連接詞包括wh-類的連接代詞(who, whom, whose, what, whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever等)和連接副詞(when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however等)。what, when和wh-ever類的詞有時(shí)可不表示疑問。

wh-類連接副詞或連接代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句可放于句首也可放于句尾, 放于句尾需要用形式主語替代wh-從句。

Whoever will be in charge of the project hasn’t been decided yet.

(可轉(zhuǎn)化為It hasn’t been decided yet whoever will be in charge of the project.)

誰來負(fù)責(zé)這項(xiàng)工程還沒有決定。

When the new road is open to traffic has not been made clear.

(可轉(zhuǎn)化為It has not been made clear when the new road is open to traffic.)

什么時(shí)候這條路開通還沒公開。

What we can’t get seems better than what we already have.

(不可轉(zhuǎn)化為It seems better than what we have what we can’t get.)

我們得不到的東西似乎比我們擁有的東西好。

What we should do next remains unknown. (what在從句作賓語, 表示疑問。) 我們下一步該干什么還不知道。

What(=The things that)the lecturer said is of great value.

(what在從句中作賓語, 表示陳述。) 主講人所講的非常有價(jià)值。

二、賓語從句

在句子中起賓語作用的從句稱為賓語從句。賓語可分為三類：動(dòng)詞的賓語從句、介詞的賓語從句和形容詞的賓語從句。

A.賓語從句的連接詞

連接賓語從句的連接詞主要有以下三類。

1.從屬連詞

連接賓語從句的從屬連詞主要有that, whether, if。

that引導(dǎo)表示陳述的賓語從句, whether和if引導(dǎo)表示“是、否”的賓語從句。

Do you know that two US college students created an “online marketplace” on campus?

你知道兩個(gè)美國大學(xué)生在校園內(nèi)創(chuàng)辦了一個(gè)網(wǎng)上市場(chǎng)嗎?

He wondered whether he passed this year’s IELTS. 他不知道自己是否通過了今年的雅思考試。

Nobody knows if he likes school or not. 沒人知道他是否喜歡上學(xué)。

2.連接代詞

連接代詞主要有who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whosever,

whatever, which ev er等。

連接代詞一般指疑問, 但what, whatever除了指疑問之外, 也可指陳述。

Do you know who has won the Red Alert game? 你知道誰贏了這一局紅警游戲嗎?

I don’t know whom you should depend on? 我不知道你該依靠誰。

This book will show you what the best CEO should know. 這本書會(huì)告訴你最好CEO的應(yīng)該了解什么。

Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Nokia walkie-talkie or a Motorola cell phone?

你決定好買諾基亞無線話機(jī)呢還是買摩托羅拉手機(jī)?

3.連接副詞

連接副詞主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等。

He didn’t tell me when we would meet again. 他沒告訴我什么時(shí)候我們?cè)傧嘁姟?/p>

Could you please show me how you read the new panel?

你能否給我展示一下你如何辨認(rèn)這個(gè)新的操作盤?

None of us knows where these new accessories can be bought. 我們中沒人知道這些零件在哪里可以買到。

(以下內(nèi)容略)