What is Analytical Science? 什么是分析科學(xué)？

什么是分析科學(xué)?

The above description of analytical chemistry provides an overview of the discipline of analytical chemistry. There have been various attempts to more specifically define the discipline. The late Charles N. Reilley said: "Analytical chemistry is what analytical chemists do" The discipline has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many have advocated using the name analytical science to describe the field. This term is used in a National Science Foundation report from workshops on “Curricular Developments in the Analytical Sciences.” Even this term falls short of recognition of the role of instrumentation development and application. One suggestion is that we use the term analytical science and technology.

通過(guò)以上描述可以對(duì)分析化學(xué)這門(mén)學(xué)科有大致的了解，為更加明確地定義這門(mén)學(xué)科，人們也有過(guò)多種嘗試。已故的CharlesN.Reilley曾說(shuō)過(guò):“分析化學(xué)家從事的工作就是分析化學(xué)”。這門(mén)學(xué)科的發(fā)展已跨越了純化學(xué)的界限，許多人已提倡使用“分析科學(xué)”來(lái)描述該領(lǐng)域。在名為“分析科學(xué)的課程發(fā)展”的工作組所做的國(guó)家科學(xué)基金報(bào)告中已使用這一名詞。但是該名詞忽視了儀器發(fā)展和應(yīng)用的作用，有人建議使用“分析科學(xué)和技術(shù)”這一名詞。

The Federation of European Chemical Societies held a contest to define analytical chemistry, and the following suggestion by K. Cammann was selected.

Analytical Chemistry provides the methods and tools needed for insight into our material world … for answering four basic questions about a material sample:

● What?

● Where?

● How much?

● What arrangement, structure or form?

歐洲化學(xué)會(huì)聯(lián)盟曾舉行了一次會(huì)議來(lái)定義分析化學(xué)，K.Cammann所提出的如下建議被采納：

分析化學(xué)提供了洞察物質(zhì)世界所需要的方法和工具，它回答了關(guān)于某一物質(zhì)樣品的四個(gè)基本問(wèn)題：

•是什么?

•在哪里?

•有多少?

•是何種排列、結(jié)構(gòu)或形態(tài)?

The Division of Analytical Chemistry of the American Chemical Society provides a comprehensive definition of analytical chemistry, which may be found on their website. It is reproduced in most part here:

Analytical Chemistry seeks ever improved means of measuring the chemical composition of natural and artificial materials. The techniques of this science are used to identify the substances which may be present in a material and to determine the exact amounts of the identified substance.

美國(guó)化學(xué)會(huì)的“分析化學(xué)分類(lèi)”為分析化學(xué)提供了一個(gè)全面的定義，可以在其網(wǎng)站査到，此處摘錄部分內(nèi)容：

分析化學(xué)探索不斷改進(jìn)的方法，用以檢測(cè)天然和人造材料的化學(xué)組成。此種科學(xué)的技術(shù)手段用來(lái)鑒別可能存在于一種材料中的物質(zhì)以及測(cè)定給定物質(zhì)的準(zhǔn)確含量。

Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet the demands for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society. They adopt proven methodologies to new kinds of materials or to answer new questions about their composition and their reactivity mechanisms. They carry out research to discover completely new principles of measurement and are at the forefront of the utilization of major discoveries, such as lasers and microchip devices for practical purposes. Their efforts serve the needs of many fields:

分析化學(xué)家致力于提高已有技術(shù)的可靠性以更好地滿足社會(huì)中頻繁出現(xiàn)的化學(xué)檢測(cè)的需求。他們將已證實(shí)的方法學(xué)應(yīng)用于新型材料，或回答關(guān)于其組成及反應(yīng)機(jī)制的新問(wèn)題。他們開(kāi)展研究，探索全新的檢測(cè)原理，站在了將激光和微芯片等重大發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)用于實(shí)際用途的最前沿。他們的努力滿足了許多領(lǐng)域的需求：

- In medicine, analytical chemistry is the basis for clinical laboratory tests which help physicians diagnose disease and chart progress in recovery.

- In industry, analytical chemistry provides the means of testing raw materials and for assuring the quality of finished products whose chemical composition is critical. Many household products, fuels, paints, pharmaceuticals, etc. are analyzed by the procedures developed by analytical chemists before being sold to the consumer.

- Environmental quality is often evaluated by testing for suspected contaminants using the techniques of analytical chemistry.

- The nutritional value of food is determined by chemical analysis for major components such as protein and carbohydrates and trace components such as vitamins and minerals. Indeed, even the calories in a food are often calculated from its chemical analysis.

Analytical chemists also make important contributions to fields as diverse as forensics, archaeology, and space science.

•醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域中,分析化學(xué)是臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)的基礎(chǔ)，此類(lèi)檢測(cè)可以幫助醫(yī)生診斷疾病，繪制康復(fù)過(guò)程圖。

•工業(yè)領(lǐng)域中，分析化學(xué)提供原料的檢測(cè)手段，保證對(duì)化學(xué)成分要求嚴(yán)格的最終產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。許多家庭用品、燃料、涂料、藥品等在出售給消費(fèi)者前就已經(jīng)被由分析化學(xué)家建立的方法分析檢測(cè)。

•環(huán)境質(zhì)量經(jīng)常通過(guò)采用分析化學(xué)技術(shù)檢測(cè)疑似污染物的方法得到評(píng)價(jià)。

食品的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值是通過(guò)對(duì)其中蛋白質(zhì)、碳水化合物等主要成分以及維生素、礦物質(zhì)等微量成分的化學(xué)分析而得以確定。實(shí)際上，甚至食物的熱量也經(jīng)常通過(guò)化學(xué)分析的方法來(lái)計(jì)箅的。

分析化學(xué)在法醫(yī)學(xué)、考古學(xué)和太空科學(xué)等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域也作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。

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