A The Scope of Pharmacology 藥理學(xué)范疇

A The Scope of Pharmacology

藥理學(xué)范疇

In its entirety, pharmacology embraces the knowledge of the history, source, physical and chemical properties, compounding, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanisms of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion, and therapeutic and other uses of drugs. Since a drug is broadly defined as any chemical agent that affects living processes, the subject of pharmacology is obviously quite extensive.

總體來說，藥理學(xué)包括藥物的以下諸方面內(nèi)容:歷史背景、來源、理化特性、合成、生化生理作用、作用機(jī)制、吸收、分布、生物轉(zhuǎn)化和排泄以及治療作用和其他作用。由于藥物被一般性定義為影響生命過程的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，因而藥理學(xué)范疇顯然是極其廣泛的。

For the physician and the medical student, however, the scope of pharmacology is less expansive than indicated by the above definitions. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease, or in the prevention of pregnancy. His study of the pharmacology of these drugs can be reasonably limited to those aspects that provide the basis for their rational clinical use. Secondarily, the physician is also concerned with chemical agents that are not used in therapy but are commonly responsible for household and industrial poisoning as well as environmental pollution. His study of these substances is justifiably restricted to the general principles of prevention, recognition, and treatment of such toxicity or pollution. Finally, all physicians share in the responsibility to help resolve the continuing sociological problem of the abuse of drugs.

然而，就醫(yī)生和醫(yī)學(xué)生生而言，藥理學(xué)范疇并沒有上述定義那么廣泛。臨床醫(yī)生的主要興趣在于藥物對(duì)人類疾病的預(yù)防、診斷及治療.或是在避孕方而所起的作用。因而他對(duì)這些藥物的藥理學(xué)研究不僅僅周限于某些方面，只要能為其合理的臨床用藥提供理論根據(jù)就行。其次，醫(yī)生也關(guān)注某些化學(xué)物質(zhì)，這些物質(zhì)雖然不用于治療，但通常與家庭中毒;工業(yè)中毒以及環(huán)境污染有關(guān)。醫(yī)生對(duì)這些物質(zhì)的研究當(dāng)然僅限于一般性了解。對(duì)這類中毒或汚污染的防范、診斷和治療。最后，所有醫(yī)生都應(yīng)責(zé)無旁貸地為解決藥品濫用所引起的社會(huì)問題而做出自己的努力。

A brief consideration of its major subject areas will further clarify how the study of pharmacology is best approached from the standpoint of the specific requirements and interests of the medical student and practitioner. At one time, it was essential for the physician to have a broad botanical knowledge, since he had to select the proper plants from which to prepare his own crude medicinal preparations. However, fewer drugs are now obtained from natural sources, and, more importantly, most of these are highly purified or standardized and differ little from synthetic chemicals. Hence, the interests of the clinician in pharmacognosy are correspondingly limited. Nevertheless, scientific curiosity should stimulate the physician to learn something of the sources of drugs, and this knowledge often proves practically useful as well as interesting. He will find the history of drugs of similar value.

從醫(yī)學(xué)生和從業(yè)醫(yī)師的特別耑求和一般興趣的角度來看，什么才是藥理學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的最佳途徑呢?只要對(duì)其主要學(xué)科領(lǐng)域稍加研究便可知曉。以前，醫(yī)師必須擁有廣泛的植物方而的知識(shí)，因?yàn)樗锰暨x適當(dāng)?shù)闹参铮覍⑵渲苽涑珊唵蔚乃幬镏苿Ｈ欢?，現(xiàn)在的藥物已很少取自于天然植物，而且更為重要的是大多數(shù)天然藥物已被高度提純，且與合成的化學(xué)藥物無甚區(qū)別，所以，臨床醫(yī)生對(duì)生藥學(xué)的興趣也相應(yīng)減弱。盡管如此，應(yīng)該激勵(lì)臨床醫(yī)生了解藥物的來源的科學(xué)好奇心，這方面知識(shí)往往被證明不但有趣，而且有用。他將會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)了解藥物的歷史同樣具有價(jià)值。

The preparing, compounding, and dispensing of medicines at one time lay within the province of the physician, but this work is now delegated almost completely to the pharmacist1. However, to write intelligent prescription orders, the physician must have some knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of drugs and their available dosage forms, and he must have a basic familiarity with the practice of pharmacy. When the physician shirks his responsibility in this regard, he invariably fails to translate his knowledge of pharmacology and medicine into prescription orders and medication best suited for the individual patient.

藥物的制備、合成與銷售一度都是醫(yī)生的職責(zé)，但這項(xiàng)工作現(xiàn)在幾乎全歸藥師了。不過臨床醫(yī)師要想開出合理的處方，必須對(duì)藥物的理化性質(zhì)及其現(xiàn)有劑型有所了解,必須基本了解藥房業(yè)務(wù)。若臨床醫(yī)師逃避這方面責(zé)任，他肯定用不好藥理學(xué)及藥物知識(shí)，從而難以開出適合每位患者的最佳醫(yī)療處方。 I

Pharmacokinetics deals with the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs. These factors, coupled with dosage, determine the concentration of a drug at its sites of action and, hence, the intensity of its effects as a function of time. Many basic principles of biochemistry and enzymology and the physical and chemical principles that govern the active and passive transfer and the distribution of substances across biological membranes are readily applied to the understanding of this important aspect of pharmacology2.

藥物動(dòng)力學(xué)涉及藥物的吸收、分布、生物轉(zhuǎn)化以及排泄等方面。這些因素再加上劑量便決定了藥物在其作用點(diǎn)的濃度，進(jìn)而決定了其與時(shí)間成函數(shù)關(guān)系的藥效強(qiáng)度。在對(duì)藥理學(xué)這一重要方面的理解過程中，常常運(yùn)用到許多有關(guān)生物化學(xué)和酶學(xué)方面的基本原理和物理化學(xué)方面的一些基本法則，而這些原理和法則決定著物質(zhì)在生物膜之間的主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)移及分布。

The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action is termed as pharmacodynamics. It is an experimental medical science that dates back only to the later half of the nineteenth century. As a border science, pharmacodynamics borrows freely from both the subject matter and the experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, genetics, and pathology. It is unique mainly in that attention is focused on the characteristics of drugs. As the name implies, the subject is a dynamic one. The student who attempts merely to memorize the pharmacodynamic properties of drugs is foregoing one of the best opportunities for correlating the entire field of preclinical medicine. For example, the actions and effects of the saluretic agents can be fully understood only in terms of the basic principles of renal physiology and of the pathogenesis of edema. Conversely, no greater insight into normal and abnormal renal physiology can be gained than by the study of the pharmacodynamics of the saluretic agents.

對(duì)藥物的生化生理作用及其作用機(jī)制的研究稱為藥效學(xué)。這是一門實(shí)驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué)，其歷史僅可追溯到19世紀(jì)后半葉。作為邊緣學(xué)科，藥效學(xué)從生理學(xué)、生化學(xué)、微生物學(xué)、免疫學(xué)、遺傳學(xué)和病理學(xué)等諸多學(xué)科的主要理論和實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)中吸取了大量內(nèi)容。該學(xué)科的獨(dú)到之處主要在于其關(guān)注的要點(diǎn)是藥物的特征。顧名思義，該科目屬于動(dòng)態(tài)學(xué)科。學(xué)生如果僅僅打算死記硬背藥物的藥效學(xué)特性的話，那他將會(huì)喪失把整個(gè)臨床前期醫(yī)學(xué)連為—體的這一最佳機(jī)會(huì)。例如:利鹽排泄劑的活性和效用只有在腎臟生理學(xué)和水腫發(fā)病機(jī)制的基本原理的基礎(chǔ)上才能完全理解。換句話說，只有通過對(duì)利鹽排泄劑的藥效學(xué)研究，才能最深人地了解腎臟生理學(xué)正常和異常兩方面情況。

Another ramification of pharmacodynamics is the correlation of the actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structures. Such structure-activity relationships are an integral link in the analysis of drug action, and exploitation of these relationships among established therapeutic agents has often led to the development of better drugs. However, the correlation of biological activity with chemical structure is usually of interest to the physician only when it provides the basis for summarizing other pharmacological information.

藥效學(xué)的另一分支是研究藥物活性和效用與其化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的相互關(guān)系。這種構(gòu)效關(guān)系是分析藥物作用不可或缺的部分，將這種關(guān)系應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)有的治療藥物中往往會(huì)促使藥品的更新?lián)Q代。然而，只有當(dāng)生物活性與化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)聯(lián)能夠?yàn)榭偨Y(jié)其他藥物學(xué)信息提供基礎(chǔ)時(shí)，臨床醫(yī)師才會(huì)對(duì)此產(chǎn)生興趣。

The physician is understandably interested mainly in the effects of drugs in man. This emphasis on clinical pharmacology is justified, since the effects of drugs are often characterized by significant interspecies variation, and since they may be further modified by disease. In addition, some drug effects, such as those on mood and behavior, can be adequately studied only in man. However, the pharmacological evaluation of drugs in man may be limited for technical, legal, and ethical reasons, and the choice of drugs must be based in part on their pharmacological evaluation in animals. Consequently, some knowledge of animal pharmacology and comparative pharmacology is helpful in deciding the extent to which claims for a drug based upon studies in animals can be reasonably extrapolated to man3.

臨床醫(yī)師的興趣主要集中于藥物對(duì)人體的療效。臨床藥理重視這一點(diǎn)是合理的，因?yàn)樗幬锏淖饔猛蚍N屬的明顯差異而大相徑庭，并可能由于疾病的作用而發(fā)生進(jìn)一步改而且有些藥物作用——諸如對(duì)情緒和行為的作用—只有通過人體才能得以充分研究，不過藥物對(duì)人體的藥理學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)可能因技術(shù)、法律及倫理道德方面的原因而受到限制，對(duì)藥物的選擇在一定程度上也只得以它們在動(dòng)物身上所進(jìn)行的藥理學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)為基礎(chǔ)。因此，動(dòng)物藥理學(xué)和比較藥理學(xué)方面的知識(shí)有助于確定以動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的某種新藥研制何時(shí)才可用于人體。

Pharmacotherapeutics deals with the use of drugs in the prevention and treatment of disease. Many drugs stimulate or depress biochemical or physiological function in man in a sufficiently reproducible manner to provide relief of symptoms or, ideally, to alter favorably the course of disease. Conversely, chemicotherapeutic agents are useful in therapy because they have only minimal effects on man but can destroy or eliminate parasites. Whether a drug is useful for therapy is crucially dependent upon its ability to produce its desired effects with only tolerable undesired effects. Thus, from the standpoint of the physician interested in the therapeutic uses of a drug, the selectivity of its effects is one of its most important characteristics. Drug therapy is rationally based upon the correlation of the actions and effects of drugs with the physiological, biochemical, microbiological, immunological, and behavioral aspects of disease. Pharmacodynamics provides one of the best opportunities for this correlation during the study of both the preclinical and the clinical medical sciences.

藥物治療學(xué)涉及如何在疾病防治中使用藥物。許多藥物以強(qiáng)有力的可重現(xiàn)方式促進(jìn)或抑制著人體的生理生化功能，進(jìn)而使癥狀得以緩解或促使病程朝著令人滿意的方向轉(zhuǎn)變。相反，化療藥物的治病功能是因?yàn)槠鋵?duì)人體作用很小但卻能殺死或清除寄生生物。—種藥物是否可以用于治療，關(guān)鍵取決于其能否產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的治療效果，同時(shí)其副作用在可容忍的范圍內(nèi)。這樣，從關(guān)注藥物療效的臨床醫(yī)師的觀點(diǎn)來看，藥物作用的選擇性便是其最重要特點(diǎn)之一。藥物的活性和療效與疾病諸方面——生理、生化、微生物、免疫和行為——的聯(lián)系理所當(dāng)然地成為藥物治療的基礎(chǔ)。藥效學(xué)便為臨床前期和臨床期醫(yī)學(xué)研究這種聯(lián)系提供了一個(gè)絕好的機(jī)會(huì)。

Toxicology is that aspect of pharmacology that deals with the adverse effects of drugs. It is concerned not only with drugs used in therapy but also with the many other chemicals that may be responsible for household, environmental, or industrial intoxication. The adverse effects of the pharmacological agents employed in therapy are properly considered an integral part of their total pharmacology. The toxic effects of other chemicals are such an extensive subject that the physician must usually confine his attention to the general principles applicable to the prevention, recognition, and treatment of drug poisonings of any cause.

毒理學(xué)是研究藥物副作用的藥理學(xué)分支。它不僅涉及治療藥物，還涉及引起家庭、環(huán)境或工業(yè)中毒的許多其他化學(xué)物質(zhì)。治療性藥物的副作用應(yīng)被視為整個(gè)藥理學(xué)的一個(gè)組成部分。其他化學(xué)物質(zhì)的毒副作用范圍太廣，臨床醫(yī)師通常只能將注意力放在預(yù)防、確認(rèn)和處理各種藥物中毒的基本原則上。

醫(yī)學(xué)英語