外國(guó)人最想和你聊的時(shí)事話題：核安全
- 雙語(yǔ)介紹
- 關(guān)鍵詞句
What is Nuclear Safety 什么是核安全
Nuclear safety covers the actions taken to prevent nuclear and radiation accidents or to limit their consequences. This covers nuclear power plants as well as all other nuclear facilities, the transportation of nuclear materials, and the use and storage of nuclear materials for medical, power, industry, and military uses.
The nuclear power industry has improved the safety and performance of reactors, and has proposed new safer (but generally untested) reactor designs but there is no guarantee that the reactors will be designed, built and operated correctly. Nuclear weapon safety, as well as the safety of military research involving nuclear materials, is generally handled by agencies different from those that oversee civilian safety, for various reasons, including secrecy.
Nuclear material may be hazardous if not properly handled or disposed of. Experiments of near critical mass-sized pieces of nuclear material can pose a risk of a criticality accident. David Hahn, "The Radioactive Boy Scout" who tried to build a nuclear reactor at home, serves as an excellent example of a nuclear experimenter who failed to develop or follow proper safety protocols. Such failures raise the specter of radioactive contamination.
Even when properly contained, fission byproducts which are no longer useful generate radioactive waste, which must be properly disposed of. Spent nuclear fuel that is recently removed from a nuclear reactor will generate large amounts of decay heat which will require pumped water cooling for a year or more to prevent overheating. In addition, material exposed to neutron radiation-present in nuclear reactors-may become radioactive in its own right, or become contaminated with nuclear waste. Additionally, toxic or dangerous chemicals may be used as part of the plant's operation, which must be properly handled and disposed of.
The next nuclear plants to be built will likely be Generation III or III+ designs, and a few such are already in operation in Japan. Generation IV reactors would have even greater improvements in safety. These new designs are expected to be passively safe or nearly so, and perhaps even inherently safe (as in the PBMR designs).
Some improvements made (not all in all designs) are having three sets of emergency diesel generators and associated emergency core cooling systems rather than just one pair, having quench tanks (large coolant-filled tanks) above the core that open into it automatically, having a double containment (one containment building inside another), etc.
However, safety risks may be the greatest when nuclear systems are the newest, and operators have less experience with them. Nuclear engineer David Lochbaum explained that almost all serious nuclear accidents occurred with what was at the time the most recent technology. He argues that "the problem with new reactors and accidents is twofold: scenarios arise that are impossible to plan for in simulations； and humans make mistakes". As one director of a U.S. research laboratory put it, "fabrication, construction, operation, and maintenance of new reactors will face a steep learning curve: advanced technologies will have a heightened risk of accidents and mistakes. The technology may be proven, but people are not".
核物質(zhì)（nuclear matter）如果不進(jìn)行適當(dāng)處理，可能會(huì)有很大的危害性。根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)，接近臨界質(zhì)量（critical mass）的核物質(zhì)具有發(fā)生臨界事故（criticality accident）的危險(xiǎn)。
即使裂變(atomic fission)的副產(chǎn)物被適當(dāng)封裝，當(dāng)它們不再有用時(shí)依然會(huì)產(chǎn)生放射性廢物(radioactive waste)。這些放射性廢物必須使用適當(dāng)?shù)氖侄芜M(jìn)行處理。另外，核反應(yīng)堆中暴露在中子輻射(neutron radiation)下的物質(zhì)可能含有放射性，或者被其他放射性廢物污染。還有，在核電站的運(yùn)行過(guò)程中，可能會(huì)需要一些有毒的危險(xiǎn)化學(xué)物質(zhì)(chemical substances)，這些物質(zhì)也必須用適當(dāng)?shù)氖侄蝸?lái)處理。
The governments should strengthen supervision and management over nuclear security and nuclear radiation.
各國(guó)政府應(yīng)當(dāng)強(qiáng)化核安全和核輻射環(huán)境監(jiān)督管理。
The Kemeny Commission also found that because NRC's primary focus had been on licensing, there was insufficient attention to the ongoing process of assuring nuclear safety.
克米尼委員會(huì)還發(fā)現(xiàn)，由于核監(jiān)視委員會(huì)一直關(guān)注的是批準(zhǔn)許可證，所以對(duì)確保核安全正在運(yùn)行的程序注意不夠。
By the year 2001, China has signed 35 bilateral environmental cooperation documents and 14 bilateral nuclear safety cooperation documents with 28 countries such as USA, Japan and Canada.
截至2001年，中國(guó)已同美國(guó)、日本、加拿大等28個(gè)國(guó)家簽訂了35個(gè)雙邊環(huán)境合作文件和14個(gè)雙邊核安全合作文件。
However, some nuclear safety experts have downplayed these differences, questioning whether U.S. plants could contain a steam explosion like that at Chernobyl.
然而，一些核安全專家低估了這些區(qū)別，提出疑問，美國(guó)的核電廠是否會(huì)像切爾諾貝利核電廠一樣發(fā)生氣體爆炸。
In this article it is discussed the nuclear safety requirements and the basis of the requirements, and the background of making these nuclear safety requirements from the point of view of CANDU planned outage nuclear safety management.
本文主要是從CANDU堆停堆大修期間的核安全管理方面論述CANDU大修期間的核安全要求及依據(jù)以及制定這些核安全要求的背景。
The emergency planning and site selecting criteria of the commercial nuclear heating plant are discussed within the framework of Chinese and IAEA nuclear safety codes and guidelines.
此外，在我國(guó)和國(guó)際核安全法規(guī)和準(zhǔn)則框架內(nèi)還討論了核供熱站的應(yīng)急計(jì)劃和選址準(zhǔn)則。
The international and national activities for improving nuclear safety regulation after Chernobyl accidents are presented in this paper.
自蘇聯(lián)切爾諾貝利核電廠事故發(fā)生以來(lái)，國(guó)內(nèi)外為加強(qiáng)核安全管理進(jìn)行了大量的工作。本文對(duì)核安全法規(guī)和管理實(shí)踐的發(fā)展作了簡(jiǎn)要的闡述。
From the aspect of RTG structure, the paper analyzed nuclear safety of RTG and indicated its distribution, quantities, status of service and existent crisis in Russia.
本文從結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)上分析了放射性同位素溫差發(fā)電器的核安全問題，闡明了其在俄羅斯的分布情況、數(shù)量、服役狀態(tài)和存在的危機(jī)。
In order to improve safety,economy and reliability of operation for nuclear power plant(NPP),a novel integrated managing method was proposed based on the(ideas) of computer and contemporary integrated manufacturing system(CIMS).
為提高核電站運(yùn)行的安全性、可靠性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性，以計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代集成制造系統(tǒng)(CIMS)的"集成"思想為指導(dǎo)，提出了核安全集成管理的新方法。
To counter the threat of nuclear terrorism, IAEA is expanding its ability to review the security of nuclear facilities in its member States, identify necessary security upgrades, and organize contributions to carry out those upgrades.
為防止核恐怖主義威脅，原子能機(jī)構(gòu)正在加強(qiáng)其在以下領(lǐng)域的能力：檢查成員國(guó)的核安全、確定何處必須進(jìn)行安全措施升級(jí)， 并籌集捐助以進(jìn)行這種升級(jí)。
Part 3 Let's Talk！ 開始交流吧！
Richard: What's the most dangerous occupation?
理查德：最危險(xiǎn)的職業(yè)是什么？
Betty: Soldiers. They have to carry out many dangerous tasks.
貝蒂：軍人。他們要執(zhí)行很多危險(xiǎn)的任務(wù)。
Richard: Yeah. It's reported that in 1956, the British military had sent hundreds of soldiers to Monte Bello Is. to test the effect of the nuclear blast on human body.
理查德：是啊。報(bào)道稱英國(guó)軍方在1956年將數(shù)百名士兵派往蒙特貝洛群島，以測(cè)試核爆對(duì)人體的影響。
Betty: Have the soldiers said no?
貝蒂：士兵們有沒有拒絕執(zhí)行？
Richard: No. You know, obedience is the first duty of a soldier.
理查德：沒有。你知道，軍人以服從命令為天職。
Betty: What happened to them after the test?
貝蒂：測(cè)試完之后，他們?cè)趺礃恿耍?br /> Richard: Many of them got ill. And many of them had the typical symptoms of nuclear radiation.
理查德：許多士兵病倒了。許多人出現(xiàn)了遭受核輻射后的典型癥狀。
Betty: What're the typical symptoms?
貝蒂：有什么典型癥狀？
Richard: Tooth loss and trichomadesis.
理查德：牙齒脫落和脫發(fā)。
Betty: The damage produced by nuclear radiation is terrible!
貝蒂：核輻射的危害太可怕了！
Richard: Indeed, this nuclear leak in Japan will bear away many lives.
理查德：的確，這次的日本核泄漏又會(huì)奪走很多人的性命。
Betty: In World War Two, the atomic bombs air-dropped by America almost destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.
貝蒂：二戰(zhàn)時(shí)美國(guó)向日本投放的原子彈使得廣島和長(zhǎng)崎幾近毀滅。
Richard: The tragedy repeats again.
理查德：這次可以說(shuō)是悲劇的重演。
Betty: Now, all countries are using nuclear energy to develop their military forces.
貝蒂：各國(guó)現(xiàn)在都在利用核能發(fā)展軍事力量。
Richard: That's not good news, and human beings will die out if nuclear war breaks out in the future.
理查德：這可不是一個(gè)好消息，如果未來(lái)爆發(fā)核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，人類將會(huì)面臨滅亡。
Betty: It is dangerous even nuclear energy is used in normal productive development.
貝蒂：即使將核能用于正常生產(chǎn)發(fā)展也是很危險(xiǎn)的。
Richard: Therefore, countries should formulate nuclear safety laws and regulations except for strengthening the nuclear safety measurements.
理查德：所以各國(guó)應(yīng)當(dāng)制訂核安全的法律法規(guī)并加強(qiáng)核安全措施。
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