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外國(guó)人最想和你聊的時(shí)事話題:自然平衡

所屬教程:常用英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)

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2018年10月31日

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 What is the balance of nature 什么是自然平衡
     The balance of nature refers to the theory that ecological systems are usually in a stable equilibrium (homeostasis), which is to say that a small change in some particular parameter (the size of a particular population, for example) will be corrected by some negative feedback that will bring the parameter back to its original "point of balance" with the rest of the system. It may apply where populations depend on each other, for example in predator/prey systems, or relationships between herbivores and their food source. It is also sometimes applied to the relationship between the Earth's ecosystem, the composition of the atmosphere, and the world's weather.
     The Gaia hypothesis suggests that the Earth and its ecology may act as co-ordinate systems in order to maintain the balance of nature.
     The concept has been criticized in recent times as being a pseudoscientific fallacy. It was first put into question when a substantial number of studies showed that predator/prey populations display a continuing state of disturbance and fluctuation rather than constancy and balance. It has been proposed by some scientists that ecological communities of plants and animals are inherently unstable, due to substantial idiosyncratic differences in behavior among communities and individuals in them. An aggressive, dominant wolf for example can greatly increase the chances of a pack in securing food, just as the death of a pack leader can lead to the pack's mass starvation. It is reasoned that any apparent equilibrium is illusory because external factors (such as variations in weather patterns, fires, hurricanes or disease) seldom allow ecological communities to stabilize. Dr. George L. Jacobson Jr., a paleoecologist at the University of Maine stated that according to ancient rock sediments; "there is almost no circumstance one can find where something isn't changing the system. It's never allowed to 'stabilize', so we might as well not expect 'balance' to exist."
     In addition, some populations show chaotic behavior, where the sizes of populations change in a way that may appear random, but is in fact obeying deterministic laws based only on the relationship between a population and its food source. An example of this was shown in an eight year study on small Baltic Sea creatures such as plankton, which were isolated from the rest of the ocean. Each member of the food web was shown to take turns multiplying and declining, even though the scientists kept the outside conditions constant. An article in Journal Nature stated; "Advanced mathematical techniques proved the indisputable presence of chaos in this food web... short-term prediction is possible, but long-term prediction is not."
     Research into climate change has revealed a number of positive feedback mechanisms that could accelerate any global warming rather than reduce it. These include increased water vapor in the atmosphere(acting as a greenhouse gas); release of Carbon dioxide and methane from melting permafrost; and the decreased ability of warmed oceans to hold carbon dioxide. It is unclear whether negative feedback effects may counter these mechanisms.
     Although some conservationist organizations argue that human activity is incompatible with a balanced ecosystem, there are numerous examples in history showing that several modern day habitats originate from human activity: some of Latin America's rain forests owe their existence to humans planting and transplanting them, while the abundance of grazing animals in the Serengeti plain of Africa is thought by some ecologists to be partly due to human-set fires that created savanna habitats.
     自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)(natural ecosystem)具有維持自身相對(duì)平衡(relative balance)的能力。這種自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)能力的大小與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的成分(composition)、結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān)。不過(guò),一個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)能力(self-regulation capability)無(wú)論怎樣強(qiáng),也總有一定的限度,如果外來(lái)的干擾超過(guò)了這個(gè)限度,生態(tài)平衡就會(huì)遭到破壞。破壞自然生態(tài)平衡的因素,有自然因素(natural factor)和人為因素(human factor)兩類。
     自然因素主要指自然界發(fā)生的異常變化,或自然界本來(lái)就存在的對(duì)于人類和生物有害的因素,例如火山爆發(fā)(volcanic explosion)、山崩海嘯(landslide and tsunami)、水旱災(zāi)害(flood and drought)、地震(earthquake)、臺(tái)風(fēng)(typhoon)和流行病(epidemic disease)等。人為因素主要指由于人類的活動(dòng),造成環(huán)境污染(environmental pollution)和自然環(huán)境(natural environment)被破壞。







     The soil contains materials to keep the natural balance of the area.
     這些泥土中含有保持該地區(qū)大自然平衡的物質(zhì)。
     Forces that can disturb this natural Balance are selection, mutation, gene flow, and natural selection. Certain gene-controlled traits are selected for or against by the partners involved.
     能干擾這種自然平衡的外界因素有選擇、突變、基因流動(dòng)以及自然選擇。某些受基因控制的性狀為與之交配的異性個(gè)體所選擇或不選擇。
     People often upset the natural balance by killing off many of the animals and destroying the lands.
     人們經(jīng)常因?yàn)闅⑺肋^(guò)多的動(dòng)物和毀壞土地而破壞自然平衡。
     Every animal has its place in the balance of nature.
     在維持自然平衡中,每種動(dòng)物都有其作用。
     In the process, we must be careful about upsetting the balance of nature.
     在此過(guò)程中,我們必須關(guān)注自然平衡的更新進(jìn)程。
     Did Walter equate the balance of nature with God?
     沃爾特把自然的平衡和上帝劃等號(hào)嗎?
     It is, he says, part of a world wide reaction against technology and an urge to find a better balance with nature.
     他說(shuō)這是在世界范圍內(nèi)逆反技術(shù),并力求跟自然更好地保待一種平衡。
     For one thing, law should be forced and observed to keep the balance of the nature by controlling commercial fishing.
     首先,法律應(yīng)該對(duì)商業(yè)捕魚加強(qiáng)監(jiān)督和管制,以保持自然平衡。
     Man may destroy the balance of nature, but from time to time, nature takes a terrible revenge for it.
     人類可以破壞自然的平衡,但自然會(huì)不時(shí)地施加可怕的報(bào)復(fù)。
     Efforts are being intensified to prevent or control hazards caused by mice, insects and poisonous weeds, and to maintain the natural ecological balance of the grassland by utilizing scientific means, and artificial and biological technologies.
     運(yùn)用科學(xué)手段,采取人工和生物等技術(shù),加大對(duì)鼠害、蟲害、毒草的預(yù)防和治理,維護(hù)草地的自然生態(tài)平衡。
     We should be careful of alteration of the nature in order to balance the natural harmony with our interest.
     我們應(yīng)該關(guān)注自然的改變,從而使自然的和諧與我們的利益達(dá)到平衡。
     Greenpeace spokesperson Ana Rosa Martinez says balance needs to be struck between preserving natural spaces and human activity.
     綠色和平組織安娜蘿莎瑪丁說(shuō),在保存自然生態(tài)及人類活動(dòng)中,需要找到一個(gè)平衡。
Part 3 Let's Talk! 開(kāi)始交流吧!
     Monica: Have you heard about the Japanese earthquake?
     莫妮卡:你聽(tīng)說(shuō)日本發(fā)生的大地震了嗎?
     Amanda: Of course, this earthquake generated severe shock to Japan.
     阿曼達(dá):當(dāng)然了,這次地震對(duì)日本產(chǎn)生了嚴(yán)重的沖擊。
     Monica: It is reported that this earthquake lead to the total death of 1500 thousands with an economic loss of more than 235 billion dollars.
     莫妮卡:據(jù)報(bào)道此次地震共造成1.5萬(wàn)人死亡,經(jīng)濟(jì)損失超過(guò)2350億美元。
     Amanda: What's more, Japanese earthquake has severe effect on global economic development.
     阿曼達(dá):不僅如此,日本地震對(duì)于全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展都造成了嚴(yán)重的影響。
     Monica: It's terrible.
     莫妮卡:真是太可怕了。
     Amanda: In recent years earthquake happens frequently around the world, such as Indonesia earthquake in 2004, Wen Chuan earthquake in 2008, Haiti earthquake in 2010 and this one in Japan.
     阿曼達(dá):最近幾年全球很多國(guó)家都頻繁發(fā)生地震。比如2004年的印尼地震,2008年的汶川地震,2010年的海地地震以及這次的日本地震。
     Monica: Not only earthquake, but with many other geological hazards. Such as tsunami happening with earthquake in Japan, the volcanic explosion in Iceland and debris flow in Gan Su province.
     莫妮卡:不僅地震頻發(fā),還伴隨著很多其他地質(zhì)災(zāi)害。比如伴隨日本地震發(fā)生的海嘯、冰島的火山爆發(fā)、甘肅的泥石流等等。
     Amanda: These are punishments from the god.
     阿曼達(dá):這些都是上帝對(duì)人類的懲罰。
     Monica: You're so superstitious.
     莫妮卡:你太迷信了。
     Amanda: I just make a metaphor. In fact these geologic hazards are related with human activities.
     阿曼達(dá):我只是作個(gè)比喻。實(shí)際上這些地質(zhì)災(zāi)害都是和人類的活動(dòng)有關(guān)的。
     Monica: Right. Human activities break the ecological balance and lead to natural disasters.
     莫妮卡:沒(méi)錯(cuò)。人類的活動(dòng)破壞了生態(tài)平衡,從而引發(fā)了自然災(zāi)害。
     Amanda: In the past century, every country devoted to the national economic development. While national development requires all kinds of resources, so people used the resources on earth to the largest extent.
     阿曼達(dá):在過(guò)去的一個(gè)世紀(jì)中,世界各國(guó)都致力于國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。而國(guó)家的發(fā)展需要各種能源,所以人們就最大限度地利用地球上的能源。
     Monica: However, in the process of resource utilization, people ignored ecological balance, which lead to the ever-increasing environment pollution.
     莫妮卡:然而人們?cè)诶媚茉吹倪^(guò)程中卻忽略了生態(tài)平衡,環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題日益嚴(yán)重。
     Amanda: It is accounted that there are numerous species die out per year due to climate change.
     阿曼達(dá):據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),每年有無(wú)數(shù)物種因?yàn)闅夂蜃兓鴾缤觥?br />      Monica: Human beings and other creatures in nature constitute the ecological system together and mutually dependent on each other, which form a balance. But this balance is broken gradually.
     莫妮卡:人和自然界其他生物共同構(gòu)成了生態(tài)系統(tǒng),彼此互相依賴,形成了一種平衡。但是這種平衡正逐漸被打破。
     Amanda: It is unimaginable of the situation when there are only human beings on the earth.
     阿曼達(dá):真是難以想象當(dāng)世界上只有人類的時(shí)候會(huì)是什么狀況。
     Monica: This situation won't happen, because people will also die out at that time.
     莫妮卡:這種情況不會(huì)發(fā)生,因?yàn)榈侥莻€(gè)時(shí)候人類也將滅亡。
    
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