專八人文知識(shí)需知的美國名人--詹姆斯·費(fèi)尼莫爾·庫珀

　　第一個(gè)描寫邊疆傳奇的James Cooper

　　James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·費(fèi)尼莫爾·庫珀 (1789-1851) 是美國文學(xué)的先驅(qū)者和奠基人之一,是第一個(gè)蜚聲世界的美國作家。生于新澤西州伯靈頓城，其父是國會(huì)議員兼法官。少年時(shí)代在紐約州奧茨高湖畔的庫珀鎮(zhèn)度過。1803年進(jìn)入耶魯大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)。因違犯校規(guī)被開除。1806年起在一艘商船上當(dāng)水手。1808年起在美國海軍服役三年。30歲時(shí)開始從事文學(xué)創(chuàng)作。1826～1833年去歐洲考察，曾擔(dān)任過美國駐法國里昂的領(lǐng)事。代表作系列長篇小說《皮護(hù)腿故事集》，(包括《開拓者》、《最后一個(gè)莫希干人》、《草原》、《探路者》、《殺鹿者》)贊揚(yáng)印第安人的正直，揭露殖民主義者的貪婪殘暴，情節(jié)驚險(xiǎn)曲折。其他作品有《間諜》、《舵手》、《領(lǐng)港員》、《火山口》等。

　　James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 – September 14, 1851) was a prolific and popularAmerican writer of the early 19th century. He is best remembered as a novelist who wrotenumerous sea-stories and the historical novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales, featuringfrontiersman Natty Bumppo. Among his most famous works is the Romantic novel The Last of theMohicans, often regarded as his masterpiece.

　　Primary Works

　　Fiction: Precaution,1820; The Spy,1821; The Pioneers, 1823; The Pilot, 1824; Lionel Lincoln,1824;The Last of the Mohicans, 1826; The Red Rover,1827; The Prairie, 1827; The Red Rover,1827;The Red Rover, 1828; The Wept of Wish-Ton-Wish,1829; The Water Witch,1830; TheBravo,1831; The Heidenmauer,1832; The Headsman,1833; The Monikins,1835; HomewardBound,1838; Home as Found,1838; Mercedes of Castile,1840; The Pathfinder, 1840; TheDeerslayer, 1841; The Two Admirals,1842; The Wing-and-Wing,1842; Le Mouchoir; anAutobiographical Romance,1843; Ned Myers, 1843; Wyandotte, 1843; Afloat and Ashore,1844;Miles Wallingford: A Sequel to Afloat and Ashore,1844; Satanstoe,1845; The Chain Bearer,1845;The Redskins,1846; The Crater,1847; Jack Tier,1848; Oak Openings, 1849; The SeaLions,1849;The Ways of the Hour,1850.

　　The Spy: A Tale of the Neutral Ground. Elliott, James P. (ed. and introd.); Pickering, James H.;Schachterle, Lance, and others. NY: AM, 2002.

　　Non-Fiction: Notions of the Americans: Picked Up by a Travelling Bachelor, 1828; Sketches ofSwitzerland,1836; Gleanings in Europe,1837; The American Democrat,1838; The History of theNavy of the United States of America,1839.

　　Major Themes in Cooper's Writing

　　1. The American Society.

　　2. The American History.

　　3. The Backwoods - Frontier.

　　4. The Sea.

　　Contributions of Cooper

　　The creation of the famous Leatherstocking saga has cemented his position as our first greatnational novelist and his influence pervades American literature. In his thirty-two years (1820-1851)of authorship, Cooper produced twenty-nine other long works of fiction and fifteen books -enough to fill forty-eight volumes in the new definitive edition of his Works. Among hisachievements:

　　1. The first successful American historical romance in the vein of Sir Walter Scott (The Spy, 1821).

　　2. The first sea novel (The Pilot, 1824).

　　3. The first attempt at a fully researched historical novel (Lionel Lincoln, 1825).

　　4. The first full-scale History of the Navy of the United States of America (1839).

　　5. The first American international novel of manners (Homeward Bound and Home as Found, 1838).

　　6. The first trilogy in American fiction (Satanstoe, 1845; The Chainbearer, 1845; and The Redskins, 1846).

　　7. The first and only five-volume epic romance to carry its mythic hero - Natty Bumppo - fromyouth to old age.

　　Writings

　　He anonymously published his first book, Precaution (1820). He soon issued several others. In1823, he published The Pioneers; this was the first of the Leatherstocking series, featuring NattyBumppo, the resourceful American woodsman at home with the Delaware Indians and especiallytheir chief Chingachgook. Cooper's most famous novel, Last of the Mohicans (1826), became oneof the most widely read American novels of the nineteenth century. The book was written in NewYork City, where Cooper and his family lived from 1822 to 1826.

　　In 1826 Cooper moved his family to Europe, where he sought to gain more income from his booksas well as provide better education for his children. While overseas he continued to write. His bookspublished in Paris include The Red Rover, and The Water Witch—two of his many sea stories.

　　In 1832 he entered the lists as a party writer; in a series of letters to the National, a Parisian journal,he defended the United States against a string of charges brought against them by the RevueBritannique. For the rest of his life he continued skirmishing in print, sometimes for the nationalinterest, sometimes for that of the individual, and not infrequently for both at once.

　　Otsego Hall, Cooper's ancestral homeThis opportunity to make a political confession of faithreflected the political turn he already had taken in his fiction, having attacked European anti-republicanism in The Bravo (1831). Cooper continued this political course in The Heidenmauer(1832) and The Headsman: or the Abbaye of Vigneron (1833). The Bravo depicted Venice as aplace where a ruthless oligarchy lurks behind the mask of the "serene republic." All were widely readon both sides of the Atlantic, though The Bravo was a critical failure in the United States.

　　In 1833 Cooper returned to America and immediately published A Letter to My Countrymen, inwhich he gave his own version of the controversy in which he had been engaged and sharplycensured his compatriots for their share in it. This attack he followed up with novels and severalsets of notes on his travels and experiences in Europe. His Homeward Bound and Home as Foundare notable for containing a highly idealized portrait of himself.

　　In June 1834, he resolved to reopen his ancestral mansion, Otsego Hall, at Cooperstown, thenlong closed and falling into decay; he had been absent from the mansion nearly 16 years. Repairswere at once begun, and the house was speedily put in order. At first, he wintered in New York Cityand summered in Cooperstown, but eventually he made Otsego Hall his permanent abode.