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好吧,但這真是文學(xué)嗎?

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2019年05月23日

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Yes, But Is It Art?

好吧,但這真是文學(xué)嗎?

C. Alan Joyce & Sarah Janssen

C. 艾倫.喬伊斯 薩拉.詹森

作者簡介

C. 艾倫.喬伊斯(C. Alan Joyce),自由撰稿人、圖書編輯,熱愛與書籍相關(guān)的一切,擁有多年圖書出版經(jīng)驗(yàn),曾任《世界年鑒》(The World Almanac and Book of Facts)主編,《紐約時(shí)報(bào)年鑒》(The New York Times Almanac)和《紐約時(shí)報(bào)基本知識(shí)指南》(The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge)的執(zhí)行主編。

薩拉.詹森(Sarah Janssen),《世界年鑒》編輯,主要負(fù)責(zé)藝術(shù)與傳媒、消費(fèi)者信息、歷史、體育等方面內(nèi)容。

本文選自2009年出版的《書頁之間》(Under the Covers and Between the Sheets)。書海之大,無奇不有:有些書沒有動(dòng)詞,有些書沒有標(biāo)點(diǎn),有些書甚至通篇不出現(xiàn)某個(gè)字母。這些另類作品仿佛罕見生物,讓浩瀚書海更加多姿多彩。觀賞奇書的體驗(yàn)或許不亞于一次冒險(xiǎn)旅行。

You thought Moby Dick was tough reading? Try these on for size: These are works of serious literature, where some are written without verbs, without punctuation...Or even without the letter “e”.

James Joyce, Finnegan’s Wake (1939):

Joyce said that this opaque and multilayered text was meant “to keep the critics busy for three hundred years” (so check back with us in 2239, when all its secrets will presumably have been uncovered). The text draws inspiration from the historical theories of Italian philosopher Giambattista Vico; forms a closed narrative loop, with the first sentence of the book completing the final sentence; and makes liberal use of invented words, derived from dozens of languages. Among these are a collection of hundred-letter words representing “thunderclaps,” which announce the start of each age of history. (Eg: Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk.) What could be simpler?

你覺得《白鯨記》晦澀難讀?試試這些作品是否合適:它們都是嚴(yán)肅文學(xué)作品,有的不用動(dòng)詞,有的沒有標(biāo)點(diǎn)……有的甚至不出現(xiàn)字母e[1]。

詹姆斯 ? 喬伊斯,《芬尼根守靈夜》(1939)

喬伊斯表示,這部晦澀難懂、有多重含義的作品旨在“讓評(píng)論家忙上300年”(因此到2239年,也就是書中一切秘密都被揭曉時(shí),記得回來找我們)。這部作品的靈感來自意大利哲學(xué)家詹巴蒂斯塔 ? 維柯的歷史理論。全書的敘事構(gòu)成一個(gè)封閉循環(huán)[2],第一句話與最后一句話相接。書中還隨意使用源于多種語言的自創(chuàng)詞。其中有一個(gè)用100個(gè)字母拼成的詞,意為“雷聲”,用于宣告歷史上每個(gè)時(shí)代的開端(如:Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronnt-uonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk)[3]。還能更簡單點(diǎn)嗎?

Ernest Vincent Wright, Gadsby: Champion of Youth (1939):

Though many writers had written shorter works under similar conditions, Wright challenged himself to write a complete novel without using the letter “e”: The 50,110-word Gadsby is the staggering result. The preface notes that as he wrote, “a whole army of litter E’s gathered around my desk, all eagerly expecting to be called upon.” Years later, Georges Perec accepted the same challenge, producing La Disparition (A Void) in 1969. The French original and English translation also omitted the letter “e”—but the Spanish translation omitted “a”, the most common letter in that language, instead.

Jerzy Andrzejewski, Bramy Raju (Gates of Paradise) (1961):

Andrzejewski’s serious novella about the Children’s Crusade of 1212 clocks in at 40,000 words...but only one sentence, with no punctuation except commas.

歐內(nèi)斯特 ? 文森特 ? 賴特,《加茲比:青年冠軍》(1939)

盡管不少作家都寫過類似的短篇作品,但賴特對(duì)自己發(fā)起挑戰(zhàn),寫了一部通篇不帶字母e的小說?!都悠澅取烽L達(dá)50110個(gè)詞,這一結(jié)果令人瞠目結(jié)舌。作者在前言中寫道:“一支字母e組成的軍隊(duì)集結(jié)在我的桌旁,眼巴巴地期待我的征召?!盵4]多年后,喬治 ? 佩雷克接受了同樣的挑戰(zhàn),在1969年寫出了小說《消失》。該書的法文原版和英文譯本都沒用字母e,西班牙譯本則沒用這種語言最常見的字母a。

耶日 ? 安杰耶夫斯基,《天堂之門》(1961)

安杰耶夫斯基的這部中篇嚴(yán)肅小說用40000字記錄了1212年兒童十字軍東征……但只用了一句話。除了逗號(hào),沒有用其他標(biāo)點(diǎn)。

Viadimir Nabokov, Pale Fire (1962):

The ostensible “text” of Nabokov’s peculiar book is a 1,000-line narrative poem (entitled “Pale Fire”) by the fictional poet John Shade—but the real story is told through accompanying commentary and footnotes that overwhelm the poem and comprise the bulk of the book.

William Gaddis, JR (1975):

Twenty years after publication of his über-challenging The Recognitions, Gaddis returned with this story about an 11-year-old who creates a business empire from a pay phone in his school—told in more than 700 pages of nearly pure dialogue, creating a symphony (or cacophony, depending on your attention span) of interweaving voices and conversations.

弗拉基米爾 ? 納博科夫,《微暗的火》(1962)

納博科夫的這本奇書,表面上看是虛構(gòu)詩人約翰 ? 謝德所寫的題為“微暗的火”的千行敘事詩——但真正的故事靠附帶的評(píng)論和腳注講述。這些評(píng)論和腳注比詩本身長得多,構(gòu)成了全書的絕大部分。

威廉 ? 加迪斯,《小大亨》(1975)

在他極富挑戰(zhàn)性的著作《承認(rèn)》出版20年后,加迪斯攜本書回歸文壇。故事講述了一個(gè)11歲的孩子從學(xué)校的付費(fèi)電話起家,建立了自己的商業(yè)帝國。全書有700多頁,幾乎全部以對(duì)話形式呈現(xiàn),創(chuàng)造了一首聲音與對(duì)話交織的交響曲(也有可能是雜音,取決于你的投入程度如何)。

Michel Thaler, Le Train de Nulle Part (The Train From Nowhere) (2004):

Thaler’s 233-page novel offers plot, character, action...but not a single verb. According to Thaler, “The verb is like a weed in a field of flowers. You have to get rid of it to allow the flowers to grow and flourish. Take away the verbs and the language speaks for itself.” In June 2004, the author (whose real name is Michel Dansel) even held a ceremony to “bury” the verb at Paris’s Sorbonne University.

Mark Z. Danielewski, House of Leaves (2000):

This bizarre book—which seems to be equal parts of horror novel, film analysis, memoir, and collage—is about a house with more space inside than outside, hiding an unseen and presumably evil force. One of the book’s multiple narratives analyzes a film about the house, another analyzes that analysis...and in the meantime, text flows in all directions on the page, interspersed with meandering footnotes and eye-straining layout tricks.

米歇爾 ? 塔萊,《從無處來的列車》(2004)

塔萊這本233頁的小說有情節(jié)、角色、活動(dòng)……但是沒有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)塔萊的說法,“動(dòng)詞就像花圃里的雜草。你必須除掉雜草,讓鮮花茁壯成長。去掉動(dòng)詞,語言會(huì)不言自明”。2004年6月,作者(其真名為米歇爾 ? 當(dāng)塞爾)甚至舉辦了一場葬禮,在巴黎索邦大學(xué)“埋葬”了動(dòng)詞。

馬克 ? Z. 丹尼爾維斯基,《書頁之屋》(2004)

這本怪書看上去像是恐怖小說、影片分析、回憶錄、拼貼畫的集合體,它描述了一座內(nèi)部空間大于外部空間的屋子,屋中藏著一種看不見的、或許存在的邪惡力量。書中有多重?cái)⑹拢渲幸恢財(cái)⑹路治隽艘徊筷P(guān)于這間屋子的電影,另一重?cái)⑹路治隽诉@篇影片分析……與此同時(shí),書頁上的文本向各個(gè)方向蔓延,其間點(diǎn)綴著蜿蜒而行的腳注,頁面布局令人眼花繚亂。

Hannu Luntiala, Viimeiset Viestit (The Last Message) (2007):

If a novel like this was going to be written, it was inevitably going to come from Finland, the home of Nokia: Luntiala’s book is written entirely in text messages—about 1,000 of them, covering more than 300 pages. We just hope that the main characters had bargain-basement rates on their cell-phone service.

DOGGONE IT

The original manuscript for On the Road was written on a 119-foot-long scroll of paper. Literature lovers have long been able to visit the scroll at exhibitions in museums and libraries across the country. However, no one knows exactly how long the manuscript was when Kerouac completed it or what the treatise’s original ending lines were. Kerouac’s handwriting appears at the end of the scroll, noting that a cocker spaniel belonging to Lucien Carr, a friend (and the father of writer Caleb Carr), had eaten the last lines.

漢努 ? 倫蒂亞拉,《最后的信息》(2007)

如果說哪里會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣一部小說,那必然是諾基亞的故鄉(xiāng)芬蘭。倫蒂亞拉的書完全由1000條左右的短信構(gòu)成,長達(dá)300多頁。我們只希望主人公的手機(jī)有短信優(yōu)惠套餐。

狗娘咬的

《在路上》的原始手稿寫在一個(gè)119英尺長的紙卷上。一直以來,文學(xué)愛好者都能在全國各地博物館和圖書館的展覽上見到它。但沒有人知道,凱魯亞克剛寫完這部作品時(shí)手稿有多長,還有原稿最后幾行寫的是什么。紙卷末尾有一段凱魯亞克的親筆手書,上面記錄著:作者的朋友盧西恩 ? 卡爾(作家凱萊布 ? 卡爾之父)的小可卡犬吃掉了最后幾行字。

試試這些作品是否合適:它們都是嚴(yán)肅文學(xué)作品,有的不用動(dòng)詞,有的沒有標(biāo)點(diǎn)......有的甚至不出現(xiàn)字母e。

C . Alan Joyce & Sarah Janssen

C .艾倫?喬伊斯 薩拉?詹森

[1] 根據(jù)亨利.貝克和弗雷德.派珀所著的《密碼系統(tǒng):通訊保護(hù)》一書,從報(bào)刊隨機(jī)選取的含100362個(gè)字母的文章中,出現(xiàn)頻率最高的三個(gè)字母是E(12.7%)、T(9.1%)和A(8.2%)。

[2] 《芬尼根守靈夜》結(jié)尾“A way a lone a last a loved along the”與開頭的“river run , past Eve and Adam’s”連成一句,構(gòu)成了小說的循環(huán),表示“生生不息”的輪回。

[3] 該詞模擬雷聲不斷,由10多種不同語言(含日語和印度斯坦語)中的“雷”字組成。

[4] 賴特為規(guī)避字母e,可謂煞費(fèi)苦心,甚至-ed詞尾和火雞(turkey)等詞都要另尋表達(dá)。他最終成功了!但遺憾的是,賴特并沒有看到這本書面市。該書在他66歲生日當(dāng)天出版,他則于同一日去世。


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