題一:天壇概況及祈谷壇建筑群(歷史沿革;天壇布局的特點;丹陛橋:祈谷壇建筑群;七星石)
題二:天壇圜丘壇建筑群(圜丘壇建筑規(guī)制及特點;圜丘壇周圍設(shè)施及用途;圜丘壇附屬建筑;圜丘壇祭天)
講解提示
雖然原來天壇的面積很大,是故宮的近四倍,但是天壇游覽線路簡單,講解應(yīng)以中軸線上游客們必去的圜丘壇和祈谷壇兩大建筑群的內(nèi)容為主。講解圜丘壇建筑群是應(yīng)把圜丘壇的用途、建筑特點,附屬建筑的特點、用途,祭天時的過程,神版的位置講清楚。講解祈谷壇建筑群時,重點一是放在天壇概況的內(nèi)容上,應(yīng)把天壇的歷史、布局、用途講明白;二是在這個基礎(chǔ)上重點講解祈年殿的歷史、用途、建筑特點及其附屬建筑。
第二部分 模擬講解詞
英文范例
題一:天壇概況、祈谷壇建筑群
Today, well go to visit the Temple of Heaven. First, I'll give you a brief introduction of it. The Temple of Heaven is situated in the southern part of Beijing. It was first built in 1420 in the Ming Dynasty. It covers an area of 273 hectares. The Temple of Heaven is not only the largest group of temple building in China, but also the largest heaven-worshipping architecture in the world.
Originally the Temple of Heaven was built according to the Temple of Heaven and Earth in Nanjing, so both heaven and earth were worshiped here, then it was called Temple of Heaven and Earth at that time. In 1530, another structure, Temple of Earth was built in the northern part of Beijing and the Heaven and Earth were worshipped separately. Since only Heaven was worshipped in here, it was renamed the Temple of Heaven.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Temple of Heaven was the place where the emperors came to worship the God of Heaven and pray for good harvest. The emperors came here twice a year. The first time was on the 15 th day of the first lunar month. The emperor would come to the Hall of the prayer for Good Harvest and held a big ceremony to pray for a bumper harvest. The second time was on Winter Solstice, and a sacrificial ceremony would be held at the Circular Mount Altar to offer a sacrifice to the Heaven.
Being a sacred place for worshipping heaven, the Temple of Heaven had been twice seriously damaged by the Anglo-French Allied Forces in 1860 and the invading troops of the eight powers in 1900.
Architecturally speaking, the Temple of Heaven has two themes: the heave and the earth. The surrounding walls of the Temple of Heaven are 6 meters high with a semicircular wall to the north and square shaped wall to the south. This represents an ancient belief that the heaven was round and the earth was square. There are three main buildings in the Temple of Heaven, they are: the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, the Imperial Heavenly Vault and the Circular Mound Altar.
題二:the Carcular Mound Altar
(天壇圜丘壇建筑群)
Ladies and Gentlemen:
Welcome to the temple of Heaven. Today we are going to visit the circular mound altar. The Circular Mound Altar, which was built in 1530 and enlarged in 1740. There are two walls that encircle the altar. Both walls are painted red and surrounded by blue tiles. Each wall represents something different. The round inner wall represents heaven while the square outer wall represents earth.
In the southeast corner, pine and cypress branches were burned in the green-tiled oven to welcome the gods from heaven. To bid farewell to the gods, human sacrifices were burned in the over. Next to the oven, there is a special pit called the Pit of Hair and Blood because the hair and blood of the sacrificial victims were buried here.
In the southwest corner, a platform to hold a lantern pole can be seen. The pole was built in 1530 but its length changed several times. Originally, a golden dragon blue background was painted on the pole , later, the color of background was changed to red. The pole was last redecorated by Yuan Shikai, the warlord made the last sacrifice to Heaven.
The Circular Mound Altar is comprised of three round white marble terraces. Each one is edged with a marble balustrade. The bottom marble terrace represents Hell, the middle terrace represents the Mortal World and the top terrace represents Heaven.
And a kind of ancient yardstick was used to measure the length in “Zhang” (one “Zhang” is a little less than 3.5 meters), the Upper terrace is 9 “Zhang”(30 meters) in diameter, the middle terrace is 15 “Zhang”(50 meters) in diameter and the bottom terrace 21 “Zhang”(70 meters) in diameter, and the numbers 1x9=9;3x5=15;3x7=21, include all the so called “Heavenly numbers” 1,3,5,7,9;and the total number of the three terraces is 45, the result of 9x5,which is in complete conformity with “the Supreme number of nine and five” in the “Book of Changes”。 The arrangement of putting number nine and five together was used exclusively in China by the ancient emperors. That's why it was used here.
In the center of the upper terrace is the Heaven's Heart Stone which is surrounded by concentrically arranged flag-stones. There are 9 stones in the first circle, 18 in the second, 27 in the third. It continues in this manner up to the ninth circle, which has 81 stones. The middle and bottom terraces also have 9 circles each. The total number of the marble flagstones on the surface is 3,402, and each terrace has four entrances and a flight of nine steps leading down in every direction. The total number of the carved balustrades on these terraces is 360, which is also the multiple of 9. It stands for the 360 degrees of circumference of heaven.
During each ceremony, the shrine of god was placed on the central Supreme Stone, which symbolized that god lived above the “nine heavens”。 The highest terrace produces a curious acoustic effect. If you stand in the center of the upper terrace and speak, you will hear your voice echo back because the balustrades send the sound back to the center.
North of the Circular Mound Altar is the Imperial Vault of Heaven, which was originally built in 1530 and rebuilt 1752. Its structure is made from wood and brick with a blue tiled roof that is topped with a gilded ball. It is 19.5 meters high and 15.6meters in diameter. From a distance, the Imperial Vault of Heaven looks like a small version of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest.
As you can see, the building does not have any horizontal beams as support. The entire building is supported by 8 pillars and a span-work of bars, laths and brackets, which is in complete conformity with the principles of dynamics. The decorative painted appear fresh because they were retouched in 1974.
In the center of the Imperial vault of Heaven stands the shrine where the tablet of God of Heaven was placed. There are four stone platforms one each side where the tablets of the emperor's eight ancestors were kept. During each winter solstice, these tablets were placed in a small pavilion-like cage and removed to the Circular Mound for the Worshipping Heaven ceremony. After the ceremony, the tablets were returned to the stone platforms.
Two chambers located at the front of the Imperial Vault of Heave contained different tablets used for worship. The left chamber contained tablets of the gods of basic elements including gold, wood, water, fire and earth. The right chamber contained tablets of gods of natural phenomena including wind, rain, thunder, lightning and so on.
The Imperial Vault of Heaven is better know for the wall that surrounds it. This wall is called “Echo Wall” or “The Whispering Wall”。 It is 3.72meters high, 90centimeters thick and 65.1 meters in diameter. The eaves of the wall and the hermetically laid bricks make wireless communication possible between two people who speak in normal voices. To be the most effective, a couple of conditions must exist: First, the courtyard cannot be too noisy. Second, both people must face north. It is better to stand by the wall at the back of the two side chambers. The entrance of the courtyard prevents the voices from being heard by others.
How to Worship the God of Heaven
Worship of the God of Heaven followed a fixed pattern. First, the officials responsible for the ceremony had to write a program, which was presented to the Emperor in the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City for approval. After the program was approved, the emperor rehearsed it in the Hall of Complete Harmony.
The day before the ceremony, the emperor presented incense in the Imperial Vault of Heaven. Then, he went to the Circular Mound Altar to inspect the tablets. Also, the emperor inspected sacrificial articles in the storehouse of the gods. On the day of the ceremony, the emperor left the Hall of Abstinence two hours before sunrise to the chiming of the bell. Music and drums replaced the Altar. This is how the ceremony began. The entire ritual consisted of nine steps.
1.Welcoming the deities where something special was burnt to usher in the God of Heaven.
2.Offering jade and silk items in boxes.
3.Presenting sacrificial animals.
4.First presenting of offerings.
5.Second presenting of offerings.
6.Final presenting offerings.
7.Removal of sacrificial offerings.
8.Seeing the deities off: stuff of all offerings.
9.The emperor views burning off all offerings.
Different music accompanied each procedure, which was followed by the kowtow of the emperor and his ministers. When the smell of the burnt offerings filled the air of the Circular Mound Altar, the ceremony was over.
中文范例
題一:天壇概況及祈谷壇建筑群
各位團友大家好!
今天我們要參觀游覽的景點是天壇。天壇位于北京正陽門東南側(cè)。天壇是世界上現(xiàn)存規(guī)模最大、形制最完備的古代皇家祭祀建筑群,是明清兩朝皇帝祭天、祈谷的地方。1998年12月列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。
天壇始建于明朝永樂初年,于1420年建成完工。明朝永樂年間,天壇初建之時,稱天地壇,不僅祭天而且祭地。一百余年間,明朝有9位皇帝在天地壇合祀天地。至明嘉靖九年(1530),明世宗朱厚熜下詔將天地合祭改為天地分祭,在南郊建圜丘,名為天壇;在北郊建方澤壇,名為地壇;有在東郊建日壇以祭日;在西郊建夕月壇以祭月。
清乾隆皇帝時又對天壇警醒了大規(guī)模的修建:1742年改建大齋宮;1747年用城磚包砌天壇內(nèi)外壇墻;1749年擴建圜丘,兵在乾隆十六年(1751)將祈谷壇的大亨殿改為祈年殿,將三層殿頂琉璃瓦改為藍色,象征天。次年又改建皇穹宇。我們現(xiàn)在看到的七年單是光緒年間重建后的風(fēng)貌。1911年清帝溥儀退位后,祭天制度廢止,清廷撤走其配祀祖先的牌位,將天壇交由國民政府內(nèi)務(wù)部管理。1915年12月23日袁世凱又到天壇舉行了一次祭天大典。1918年新年元旦天壇正式對外開放。1937年日軍進駐天壇。1939年日軍占據(jù)神樂署,設(shè)立研究病理和細菌的實驗室。1945年北平市接受的天壇已經(jīng)破敗不堪。解放前夕,守備北京的國民黨軍隊在天壇內(nèi)修筑工事、建彈藥庫,砍伐大量樹木。為建簡易機場扒掉南部壇墻,炸毀有400多年歷史的明代石牌坊,天壇面目全非。建國后。在國家政府和北京市政府的秀山之下,天壇才重現(xiàn)昔日輝煌面貌。
天壇全園占地約273公頃,其中林地占地163公頃,草坪占地10余公頃,100年以上的古柏有3600多株,全園之北覆蓋率達到89%。天壇的面積是紫禁城面積的4倍。天壇平面布局呈“回”字形,北圓南方,象征天圓地方。明清兩朝共有22位皇帝在這里舉行過幾天大典654次。最后在這里幾天的是袁世凱。
天壇是通稱,它實際上主要由兩個壇組成。南部為圜丘壇建筑群,北部為祈谷壇建筑群。兩壇各成體系,他們之間由海墁大道相連。天壇又有內(nèi)壇和外壇之分,其間分布許多附屬建筑,可以用“一、三、五、七、九”這樣一組數(shù)字將天壇的主要建筑概括起來。
“一”:一天中軸線。在這條中軸線上,分布著天壇里最主要的建筑。自南向北分別得昭亨門-圜丘壇-皇穹宇-成貞門-丹陛橋-南磚門-祈年門-祈年殿-皇乾殿-北天門。
“三”:三道壇墻,分別為外壇墻、內(nèi)壇墻和分隔圜丘壇與祈谷壇之間的東西向壇墻。
“五”:指五組主要建筑,分為圜丘壇建筑群、祈谷壇建筑群、齋宮建筑群、神樂署和犧牲所建筑群。
“七”:是祈谷壇東側(cè)的七星石。
“九”:指原天壇的九座壇門。外壇墻2座,西側(cè)北面祈谷壇門及南面的圜丘壇門。圜丘壇周圍4座,分別為泰元門、昭亨門、廣利門、成貞門。祈谷壇東、西、北3座,分別為東天門、西天門、北天門。
大家看,我們眼前的這條平坦,寬闊的大道就是海墁大道,也叫丹陛橋。它是連接天壇南北兩大建筑群的通道,全長108丈。360米,寬約30米,分為三路,中間寬闊的路面為“神道”,就連皇帝也不能走;東側(cè)的窄路為“御路”,供皇帝專用;西側(cè)為“王道”,為隨同皇帝祭祀來的文武大臣們而設(shè)。整個路面底部南向北逐漸升高,最北端高出最南端2米,而路面看起來很平坦,這種設(shè)計方法的妙處是象征皇帝步步升高,而又沒有真的讓皇帝走斜坡而受累,同時也使天壇的總體顯得更加完美。說到這里,有朋友要問了,這明明是一條寬闊的大路,為什么叫“橋”呢?這有兩個說法:一是大道南低北高,步步上升,意思是與天相接,所以稱橋;二是,在前面的確有一條券洞式的東西通道,如同橋洞,所以叫橋。丹陛橋又被稱為“鬼門關(guān)”。為什么呢?因為在外灘的西南側(cè)有一個專門為祭祀而死羊動物的機構(gòu),叫“犧牲所”,在丹陛橋東側(cè)又有一個專門為祭祀而宰殺動物的機構(gòu),叫“宰牲亭”,在祭祀前要把西側(cè)犧牲所得動物趕到東側(cè)宰殺亭內(nèi)宰殺,做成貢品。但最初在西向東沒有路,又不能讓那些祭祀用的牛羊在丹陛橋上走,玷污了神路,于是就在下面開了個洞,讓牲畜從這里通過,因為動物過了橋洞必死無疑,再無生還的可能,所以這里又叫“鬼門關(guān)”。丹陛橋確實是橋,而且是一座立交橋,按年代計算恐怕稱得上古都北京第一座立交橋了。
我們現(xiàn)在所在的位置時丹陛橋的北端東側(cè),這有一個坐東朝西的方形轉(zhuǎn)臺,周圍有漢白玉石欄板,面積大約有300多平方米,叫“具服臺”。在舉行祭祀大典時,在此臨時搭起帳篷,人稱“小金殿”,皇帝在大典前在這里換衣服,脫去黃色龍袍,換上藍色的祭服,表示對皇天上帝的尊敬。祈谷典禮結(jié)束后,再來這里更衣,返回紫禁城。
在天壇中軸線北端,是祈谷壇,壇分三層,圓形。八出陛,南北各三出陛,東西各一出陛,三層壇面圍以漢白玉石欄板,壇上為祈年殿。祈年殿高九丈七尺九寸九分,殿頂為圓形三重檐攢尖頂,頂部為鎏金寶頂,殿內(nèi)的天花為龍鳳藻井。
祈年殿以28根落地柱環(huán)繞支撐,形成內(nèi)中外三環(huán)柱網(wǎng)。內(nèi)圈為4根龍井柱,其東南柱代表春季,南方柱間代表夏季,西方柱間為秋季,北方柱間為冬季。中圈12根金柱分隔的12個位置,代表一年的12個月。12根金柱加上柱間隔成德12個空間,代表一年的24個節(jié)氣。外圈12根檐柱分隔的12個空間,代表一天的12個時辰。
祈年殿內(nèi)中間北側(cè)有一方形高臺,是安放皇天上帝神版的地方,東西兩側(cè)較低的方形石臺,是安放清代列祖列宗神牌的地方。
在祈谷壇的北側(cè),是監(jiān)獄永樂十八年的天地壇的天庫,用于存放祭祀天地的神牌,明嘉靖二十四年改名為皇乾殿。在祈谷壇東門外有一條連檐通脊的曲廊,叫“長廊”,共有72間。又叫七十二連房。長廊將祈年殿、神庫連在一起,是祭祀時往祭壇上運送祭品的通道。
在祈谷壇長廊的東南方,這一景觀被稱為七星石,是明嘉靖年間經(jīng)人工雕鑿后放在這里的??赡苡屑毿牡膱F友要問七星石為什么有八塊呢?其實七星石代表東岳泰山七峰,東北方位的小青石是康熙皇帝派人考察泰山,認定泰山發(fā)脈于東北長白山,后在乾隆年間曾置的。
好!天壇祈谷壇建筑群的講解到此結(jié)束,現(xiàn)在請各位自由參觀拍照,15分鐘后我們在北天門集合。謝謝!
題二:天壇圜丘壇建筑群
各位!現(xiàn)在我們來到了圜丘壇景區(qū)前,其實呀,它才是真正的“天壇”,因為這里才是明清兩代皇帝在冬至舉行祭天大典的地方。圜丘壇建于明嘉靖年間,即公元1530年,位于天壇的南部。周圍有四門,東為泰元門,難為昭亨門,西為廣利門,北為成貞門。這四門的名稱出自《易經(jīng)*乾卦》中的卦辭“元亨利貞”,咱們的是天的本質(zhì),也稱為天的“四德”。
圜丘壇外面有兩道譴墻。四個正方位都設(shè)有欞星門。內(nèi)墻為圓形,直徑102米,外墻方形,邊長168米。我們現(xiàn)在所在的位置就在外墻外的神路東側(cè),在我們面前的這個由漢白玉石欄板圍起來的方形磚臺叫“具服臺”。冬至日祭天大典前,這里會臨時搭起帳篷,供皇帝在此盥洗和更換祭天禮服。整個天壇有兩座具服臺,另一座在祈谷壇前。
好,請大家隨我從欞星門進入圜丘壇外圍墻。這是圜丘壇內(nèi)外壝墻之間的一個空間。我先給大家介紹一下這一院落中的陳設(shè)。請看西南邊,那里有一根很高的木桿,它叫望燈桿,嘉靖九年初建是只有1座,明崇禎皇帝時增加到了3座。1914年袁世凱祭天是拆掉兩根,所以現(xiàn)在只剩下我們跟前的這一根了。望燈桿是祭天的時候掛燈籠用的。各位也許要問:祭天為什么要掛燈籠呀?這是因為當(dāng)年祭天的時候不是在白天,二是在日出前七刻,即凌晨四點一刻到四點三十分。您想想,這個時候在冬至?xí)r可是漆黑一片啊。所以,祭天時皇帝需要掛燈籠照亮。不過,皇帝照亮,非同一般,那必須要“吉星高照”。那么現(xiàn)在請大家猜一猜這座燈桿有多高?現(xiàn)在我來宣布正確答案:燈桿的高度是九丈,約合今天的28米多。不僅燈桿不一般,那燈籠也不一般。舉行祭天大典時望燈桿上吊掛直徑1.3米、高2.15米大燈籠,里面方有五支巨大的蟠龍通宵寶蠟,長又1.3米,直徑30厘米,可連續(xù)燃燒12個小時,既不用剪蠟花,也不流蠟油,是當(dāng)年皇帝祭天的專用寶蠟。除了掛燈籠照明外,這根望天桿還是祭天大典位置的標(biāo)志,也是祭天儀式開始和結(jié)束的時間標(biāo)志。
請大家再轉(zhuǎn)向外墻的東南方,這里還有幾組建筑。這個圓形的用綠色琉璃磚砌的建筑物,叫燔柴爐,高9尺。祭天大典開始時,在這里焚燒弄干凈的牛犢以通達天神,祭天大典結(jié)束后,還要在這里焚燒祝版及祭品。
在燔柴爐東側(cè),還有一個圓形的綠琉璃磚的建筑物,大家看看這個像不像是一個埋在地下的巨大盤子。這個叫痂坎,用來埋牛尾、牛毛、牛血,來比喻不忘祭地的意思。
在痂坎旁,從西南向東北方向排列著的這8個爐子是鐵鐐爐,它們的主要用途是焚燒大典后從配位上撤下的清代前8為皇帝的祭品。在進行大典的時候爐內(nèi)然手松桿、松柏,同時還燒些檀香木,一時間火光沖天,香煙繚繞,不但增加了神秘莊嚴地氣氛,而且在寒冷的冬夜給皇帝帶來了一絲暖意。圜丘壇共有這樣的鐐爐12座,除了這8座以外,其余4座分別放在圜丘壇內(nèi)圍墻東、西欞星門外。
現(xiàn)在,讓我們趕快進入內(nèi)墻去看看圜丘壇吧。圜丘壇是一座三層的圓形石臺。為什么要將祭天臺設(shè)計成圓形呢?因為古代人們認為天就是圓的,地就是放的,既然是祭天臺,自燃要設(shè)計成圓形了。
圜丘壇通高5.7米,完全用艾葉青石鋪成。它的最大的特點是數(shù)字“九”無處不在,充滿了神秘色彩?,F(xiàn)在我們一起來找找那些神秘的“九”,看他們藏在何處。大家請隨我手指所指來看。圜丘壇三層臺面的直徑分別是:下層壇面直徑21丈,暗含“三七”,中層直徑15丈,為“三五”,頂層“九”丈,為“一九”,合起來“一、三、五、七、九”,陽數(shù)都齊了,如果把三層直徑加起來,便是四十五,五九四十五,正好象征了皇帝的“九五”之尊,巧奪天工吧。
大家可以看到,圜丘壇冬、南、西、北、各開一口,叫做四出陛,每個登壇口都有上、中、下三組臺階。耳聽為虛,眼見為實,在這兒咱們不妨來個腳踏為實,請大家一邊登上這一組臺階,一邊數(shù)數(shù)這組臺階有多少級。一、二、三、四、五、六、七、八、九,正好九級。第二層呢,也是九級,第三層也是如此,這樣,共有12組“九”,對吧?
現(xiàn)在我們已經(jīng)到了圜丘壇的頂端,大家請看壇面中心,這塊圓形石塊叫天心石,又叫“億兆景從石”,為何叫天心石呢?據(jù)說這塊石頭是宇宙的中心,是皇帝與天上諸神們相互交流的“天界”,故心有靈犀者,便可在此與“神”交流一番。那為什么又叫“億兆景從石”呢?“億兆”是多的意思,“景從”是像影子一樣隨從,所以所白了“億兆景從石”就是“一呼百應(yīng)石”。這是一組奇妙的聲學(xué)現(xiàn)象,即當(dāng)你站在圓心石上輕聲說話時,聲音不僅宏大,而且有共鳴及回音。那么,這是什么原因造成的現(xiàn)象呢?請看,由于壇面十分光潔平整,聲波傳到周圍的石欄桿后能迅速地被反射回來,據(jù)聲學(xué)專家測驗,從發(fā)生到聲波再回到圓心石的時間僅為0.07秒,說話者根本無法分清它是原音還是回音,所以又一會白影的感覺。當(dāng)皇帝站在天心石上說話的時候,感到不僅有神助--聲音洪亮,又有人助--一呼百應(yīng),身為人君者便把一呼百應(yīng)的回升當(dāng)成是天下萬民對自己的無限忠心及一致響應(yīng)。以前之后皇帝才能站在這里說話,現(xiàn)在我們也可以登上天心石許下一個美好的愿望。
我們再來看看天心石周圍,圍繞天心石共環(huán)狀鋪設(shè)了9圈扇形石板,大家數(shù)數(shù)看,第一圈為9塊,第二圈為9的倍數(shù)18塊,其余類推,直到第九圈,有81塊。第二層也是9圈扇形石,從第十圈開始到第18圈。第三層從19圈開始到第27圈,每圈都是九的倍數(shù)。這樣,上、中、下三層壇面共鋪石板3402塊,即378個“九”。
有朋友肯定會問了,圜丘壇為什么會有這么多的“九”呢?里面肯定有什么說法吧?的確是如此。我問問大家,自然界最大的東西是什么?對了,是填。自然數(shù)理最大的數(shù)字是什么?是“九”。根據(jù)陰陽學(xué)說,在天地間,天為陽,地為陰;在數(shù)字中奇數(shù)為陽,偶數(shù)為陰;所以“九”與“天”都屬極陽,九位陽數(shù)中的最大數(shù),用9的倍數(shù)遞增,使它最大化,來象征天的崇高和神圣。所以用“九”來筑祭天臺便是天經(jīng)地義的事了。
那么明清兩代的皇帝又是如何舉行祭天大典的呢?
在每年冬至祭天大典前,相關(guān)禮儀人員要提前在圜丘壇上擺好神位和其他陳設(shè)。以清代為例,清代舉行祭天大典時,在圜丘壇上設(shè)有正為、配位、從位共七組帳篷。正為就位于天心石稍北,南向,是祭祀皇天上帝的圓形帳篷。配位排列在正為帳篷前的東西兩側(cè),共兩組,是清代前八位已故皇帝的帳篷,為長方形。東側(cè)從北向南分別為努爾哈赤。順治帝福臨、雍正帝胤禛和嘉慶帝颙琰;西側(cè)從北向南分別為皇太極、康熙帝玄燁、乾隆帝弘歷和道光帝旻寧。從位帳篷共四組,都為長方形,位于圜丘壇中層?xùn)|西兩側(cè),祭祀的分別是大明神、北斗星、二十八星宿、周天星辰及夜明神、風(fēng)云雷雨各神。在圜丘壇中層臺面正南臺階前事皇帝祭祀時的拜位。此外,在最上層天心石處還設(shè)有祝版案,上面放的是裱有祭文的木質(zhì)版。
皇帝在冬至日祭天大典前要在天壇齋宮內(nèi)齋戒三天,(雍正后在紫禁城齋戒兩天,最后一天來天壇齋宮)在最后一天腰刀圜丘壇上檢查牌位耳環(huán)各種陳設(shè)。到了冬至這天凌晨,太常寺卿率領(lǐng)欽天監(jiān)官員奏報時辰,皇帝起駕,齋宮鐘樓鳴鐘,皇帝先到圜丘壇前的具服臺更換祭天的天青色禮服,盥洗,等候禮部官員將供奉在皇穹宇中的神牌移送到圜丘壇相應(yīng)的壇位上。然后到日出前七刻,大約是凌晨4點15分到四點30分,祭天大典,皇帝登壇,到達中層南側(cè)的拜位。
清朝整個祭天大典共分九項儀程:
第一步叫燔柴迎帝神,即在燔柴爐上焚燒洗剝干凈的牛犢,以通達天神;
第二步是奠玉帛,即皇帝想皇天上帝神位進獻蒼壁和玉帛;
第三步是進俎,即皇帝將熱羹澆在神位前的祭品上。
第四步是初獻禮,皇帝向正位、配位第一次獻酒,同時,司祝官讀祭祀的祝文。
第五步,亞獻禮,即皇帝向正位、配位第二次獻酒。
第六步,終獻禮,即皇帝第三次獻酒。
第七步,撤饌,即把祭品撤下去。
第八步,送帝神。
第九步,往燎?;实鄣届懿駹t西側(cè)往燎位行往燎禮,觀看焚燒供品,之后到具服臺更衣后回宮。
此外,在祭天大典中,與祭天九部曲相配的中和韶樂、樂舞也分為九個樂章。
大家看,清代帝王祭天大典還真是夠繁瑣復(fù)雜的吧?
各位朋友,現(xiàn)在來考慮一個問題:皇帝回宮,那么皇天上帝的牌位何去何從?當(dāng)然,也要回宮,不過它可不回人間的宮殿,而是人間的天宮,在哪里呢?就是圜丘壇背面的那座建筑--皇穹宇,好!我們現(xiàn)在便去天宮拜訪一下皇天上帝。
好,現(xiàn)在我們來到了皇穹宇。這里是在祭天大典后存放皇天上帝及其他諸神牌位的地方,即皇天上帝和諸神的寢宮。除大典外,其余時間,眾神都在這里休息?;蜀酚罱ㄓ诩尉妇拍?,公元1530年,整組建筑由一堵圓形的墻所環(huán)繞,院內(nèi)有三座建筑,正中北側(cè)是存放皇天上帝和清代前八位皇帝牌位的正殿--皇穹宇,東側(cè)配殿供有大明、星辰的神牌;西側(cè)配殿供奉夜明、風(fēng)雨雷云神牌。
正殿皇穹宇像一把巨大的雨傘,其殿頂呈圓形,基座為圓形,院落的圍墻也是圓形,這些“圓”都是敬天禮神的象征,但也正是這些“圓”及建筑,早就了不可思議的奇跡,即皇穹宇院內(nèi)的三大聲學(xué)現(xiàn)象。首先,我們來看一看這院落的圓形圍墻,它就是文明中外的建筑--回音壁。那么回音壁有何神奇之處呢?其現(xiàn)象是這樣的:如果兩人站在兩座配殿后的圍墻下,均面部朝北對墻小聲說話,都能非常清晰地聽到對方所講的話。這是為什么呢?因為呀,整個圍墻是圓形的,有磨磚對縫,墻面十分光滑堅硬,再加上圍墻頂部該有檐瓦,聲音不宜散失,閱視聲波便沿著圓墻連續(xù)反射而產(chǎn)生回音。各位可以試一試,我們五分鐘后到皇穹宇前集合。
下面請各位看看第二個有趣的現(xiàn)象。請看皇穹宇大殿正南丹陛前的甬路,從北向南數(shù)有三塊石頭,如果站在第一塊石頭上拍手,會聽到一次回音;如果站在第二塊石頭上拍手,可以聽到兩次回聲;如果站在第三塊石頭上拍手,可以聽到三次回聲,故稱此石韋三音石。其實據(jù)聲學(xué)專家測量,如果這里足夠安靜,在三音石上拍手,其回聲是無限次的,只是我們?nèi)祟愔悄苈牭饺暋槭裁磿谶@里聽到的回音呢?其實原因很簡單,如果你站在三音石上環(huán)顧一下四周,你會發(fā)現(xiàn),噢!原來我站在了整座院落的中心,那里是回聲產(chǎn)生的最佳位置。
好!下面請各位感受一下三音石的妙趣,5分鐘后我們在門口集合。
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