“明十三陵”中英雙語導(dǎo)游詞

題一：明十三陵概況及神道(歷史沿革;今日十三陵;石牌坊;大紅門;長陵神功圣德碑;石像生;欞星門)

題二：明十三陵概況及長陵(歷史沿革;今日十三陵;明成祖朱棣;長陵布局;長陵祾恩殿;人殉制度)

題三：定陵(明神宗朱翊鈞;朱翊鈞的皇后;定陵考古發(fā)掘的過程;定陵地宮布局及陳設(shè);金井;定陵出土文物)

講解提示

明十三陵的環(huán)境不復(fù)雜，但內(nèi)容豐富。第一題講解內(nèi)容可從概況開始，經(jīng)牌樓到神路為一部分。這部分內(nèi)容有線路可供遵循，順序講解即可。第二題注意概況的內(nèi)容和長陵的銜接。第三題講解內(nèi)容以定陵為主，講解順序應(yīng)以教材章節(jié)為參考。

第二部 模擬講解詞

英文范例

題一：明十三陵概況及神道

Good morning ladies and gentlemen, today we are going to pay a visit to the Thirteen Ming Tombs. First, I will give you a brief introduction of it. The Ming Tombs are located in Changping District, about 50 kilometers on the northwest of Beijing. This imperial cemetery covers an area of 40 square kilometers with 13 Ming emperors,23 empresses, many imperial concubines, princes and princesses buried there. These tombs are the best-preserved of all Chinese imperial tombs. The Ming Dynasty started from 1368 to 1644, lasting 276 years. Altogether 16 emperors ruled in the Ming Dynasty. But out of the 16 emperors, 13 emperors were buried in Beijing Ming Dynasty Tombs area. The first Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang was buried in Xiaoling of Nanjing. The second emperor had no tomb. The seventh emperor Jing Tai was buried at Jinshan Mountain in the western suburbs of Beijing.

The Sacred Way, that we visit now, was originally designed for the Changling Tomb. The sacred way to other tombs originally from this one, it became the general sacred way for all. Along the 7.3kilometers long sacred way stands the Marble Archway, the Big Rad Gate, Tablet Tower, Stone Statues and Dragon and Phoenix Gate. Now let's take a look from the southern end.

Firstly let's look at the Marble Archway. The Marble Archway was built in 1540 during the reign of Emperor Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty for promoting the meritorious and virtuous deeds of the feudal rulers, but still in an excellent condition. It is 14 meters high and 29 meters wide and it has 5 arches supported by 6 marble pillars with beautiful carvings of dragons, lions, lotus flowers and clouds. It is the earliest and best-preserved stone archway still existing in China.

500 meters to the north of the Stone Archway stands the main gate of the mausoleum, called the Big Red Gate. The gate has three passageways: the central passageway was for the deceased emperor only, the living emperor and this ministers as well as the imperial family members had to use the side openings when they came to pay their homage to their ancestors. And nobody could enter the gate on horseback for there are two stone tablets placed on either side of the gate, inscribed with the words:“ Officials and others should sidmount from their horseback”。 Those who violated the rule would be punished for disrespect.

Passing the cypress trees, lies the double-eaces Stele Pavilion, or the Stele Pavilion of Divine Merit and Sacred Virtue. Inside the tower there is a huge tablet, 7.9 meters high, which stands on the back of a giant stone tortoise in the middle of the Tablet Tower. On the table inscribed with the words: “Tablet of Diving Merits and Sagely Virtue of Chang Ling of the Great Ming.”

Not far from the Stele Pavilion there are 18 pairs of stone sculptures and beasts along the Sacred Way. The custom to put up stone sculptures in front of the imperial cemeteries started as early as the Qin and Han dynasties in Chinese history. It shows the supreme authority and dignity of the emperors and served as ceremonial guards. The Stone Statues along the Sacred Way are totally 36 altogether, with 24 stone animals and 12 stone human figures. They are 6 kinds of animals, 4 in each group. The first group of animals is 4 lions arranged in the front, followed by Xiezhi , camels, elephants, Qilin unicorns and horsrs. In ancient time, lions symbolized forzce, Xiezhi stood for just ,camel was for transportation, elephant was a symbol of universal peace, Qilin was for warding off evil spirits and the horse was used in battle. The stone human figures are: four civil officials, four military officers and four meritorious officials. These stone statues represent the best sculpture craftsmanship in the Ming Dynasty.

The Dragon and Phjoenix Gate is located at the end of the road of the stone statues. This gate is also called “Flame Gate”， for the flame carvings are on the top of the gate. It consists of three archways and beyond the gate are the paths to the separate tombs. The gate here represents the “Heavenly Gate”， which means by going through the Heavenly Gate he would be able to ascend to heaven or his soul would be raised up to the paradise. The thirteen tombs are located on the food of a hill behind the Dragon and Phoenix Gate.

題二：明十三陵概況及長陵

Today we will go to visit the Thirteen Ming Tombs. First, I will give you a bried introduction of it. The Ming Tombs are located in Changping Distrct, about 50 kilometers on the northwest of Beijing. This imperial cemetery covers an area of 40 square kilometers with 13 Ming emperors, 23 empresses, many imperial concubines, princes and princesses buried there. These tombs are the bestpreserved of all Chinese imperial tombs. The Ming Dynasty started from 1368 to 1644, lasting 276 years. Altogether 16 emperors ruled in the Ming Dynasty. But out of the 16 emperors, 13 emperors were buried in Beijing Ming Tombs area. Because the first Ming Emperors Zhu Yuanzhang was buried in Xiaoling of Nanjing. The second emperor had no tomb. The seventh emperor Jing Tai was buried at Jinshan Mountain in the western suburbs of Beijing.

Here we have come to Changling. Changling is the tomb of the 3rd Ming Emperor Yongle's tomb. It is the head tomb of the thirteen Ming Tombs and the largest tomb of them all,and it is also the best-preserved one in this tomb area. Emperor Zhu Di, the 3rd emperor of the Ming Dynasty, he had made great achievements in political, military, economic, cultural and diplomatic fields during the 22 years of his reign. He was buried together with his wife Empress Xu. Changling is located at the foot of the Heavenly Longevity Hill. Construction of Changling started in 1409. It took 18 year and was completed in 1427. The layout of Changling just followed the example of Xiaoling in Nanjing. Structures along the central axis are the Front Gate to the tomb, the Gate of Eminent Favor, the hall of Eminent Favor, the Dragon and Phonix Gate, Soul Tower and the wall-encircled Earth Mound. The design of Changling was square in the front and round at the rear, representing the old believing: the heaven was round while the earth square. The Gate of Eminent Favor and the Hall of Eminent Favor on the central axis are still standing today. That is why we say that Changling is the best preserved one in the Ming Tombs area. At present the complete above-ground complex opens to the public. Let's go to visit the major architectures one by one.

Changling is divided into three courtyards. The first courtyard is from the Gate of Changling to the Gate of Eminent Favor. There is a stone stele housed in a pacilion on the east side of the front gate. The tablet is on the back of a huge mythical animal. Originally there wa no inscription on it. The inscriptions now on three sides in Manchu and Han languages were written later by Qing Emperor Shun Zhi in 1659, Qianlong in 1785 and Jia Qing in 1804 after their visits to the Ming Tombs. The second courtyard is from the Gate of Eminent Favor to the Hall of Eminent Favor. And the third courtyard is behind the Hall of Eminent Favor to the Soul Tower.

The Hall of Eminent Favor is the place where the sacrificial ceremonies were held by the later emperors to their ancestors. It is one of the largest wooden building in China and it is supported by 60 wooden columns made of Nanmu. Nanmu wood is a special kind of wood coming from the mountains in the southern part of our country. This kind of valuable timber came from Sichuan, Hubei, Huan and Jiangxi provinces. The 32 huge Nanmu wood pillars inside the hall are 12.58meters high. The 4 pillars in the center are the biggest, each 14.3 meters high and 1.17 meters in diameter, all made of single trunk of a tree. They are so big that two people can't get their arms around it. Now this hall is used as a hall for exhibition of the historical relics unearthed from Dingling.

According to the historical records on Ming Tombs in Beijing, human sacrifices were found in the first three Ming tombs. They are Changling, Xianling and Jingling. The record has it that 16 concubines were buried for the dead in the tomb of Changling, 5 in Xianling and 10 in Jingling. The emperor's concubines and female attendants were first forced to commit suicide, then buried in a brick pit called “well”。 The human sacrifices were not buried in the main burial tomb together with the emperor but in “wells” nearby, on either side of the tomb. The East and West Wells can still be seen in the tombs area today. This system did not end until the death of the sixth Ming Emperor Yingzong, who left instructions for abolishing the system of human sacrifice.

題三：定陵

Today we are going to pay a visit to Dingling. Dingling is the tomb of Emperor Zhu Yijun, whose reign title is Wan Li, the 13th Emperor of the Ming Dynasty. He ruled China for 48 years from 1573 to 1620, the longest ruling period of all the 16 emperors in the Ming Dynasty. The constructiong of his tomb started in 1584 when Emperor Wan Li was as young as only 22years old. It took 6 years and completed in 1590 and it cost 8 million taels of peasant uprising. It was not restored until the reign of Qing Emperor Qianlong. In 1914 the tomb was burnt down again. Now we can only see the marble terrace of the Gate of Eminent Favor and the Hall of Eminent Favor.

In 1620 when Emperor Zhu Yinjun died, he was buried together with his two wives, Empress Xiao Duan, the first wife and Empress Xiao Jing, the second wife. The first wife had no son while the second wife had one. But the second wife died in 1612, eight years earlier than the emperor. Being a concubine of the emperor at that time, she was not entitled to the privilege of sharing the emperor's tomb, so she was buried in a nearby tomb as imperial concubines. After her grandson came to the throne, her coffin was moved into same tomb with Emperor Zhu Yijin.

Dingling is the only one of the thirteen Ming Tombs excavated so far. In May 1956 an archaeological team found some decayed bricks at the southwest side of the surrounding wall outside the Soul Tower showing that there had been an archway. Later trace of words like “the gate of leading tunnel” was found on the wall. This offered a very important clue for the tomb excavation. That was their starting point and then the archeological workers began to dig the first emploration trench. Two months later they found a narrow, bricked wall tunnel, which runs zigzag to the back of the mound. From there they dug another tunnel, which were considered as the second tunnel. After they opened second stone tunnel, a stone tablet was uncovered at the end of the tunnel, an inscription carved on it read: from this stone 160 feet further and 35 feet deep to the “ Diamond wall”， which indicated the sealing wall of the Underground Palace. Then they dug up a third tunnel and finally found the“ Diamond wall”， the entrance of the Underground Palace. The excavation work started in May 1956 and it took two years and was completed in 1958.

The Underground Palace is 27 meters deep with a total floor space of 1,195 square meters. It consists of 5 chambers: the antechamber, the central chamber, the rear chamber and two annex chambers on the left and right of the middle chamber. The vaulted halls built of stone, without a single beam or column.

The left side hall greet tourists at first. Inside the hall was a coffin platform, paved with square bricks. Passing the stone gate of the left side hall, we now enter the rear chamber. It is the main chamber and the largest chamber in the Underground Palace. The platform is the coffin-dais in this chamber. There are three coffins placed on the coffin-plarform. The coffin in the middle was the coffin of Emperor Wanli. The two coffins on each side were for his two wives. There were also 26 red-lacquered on both sides of the three coffins. A square hole located in the center of the coffin-platform is called “Gold Well”。 It was filled with yellow clay just to show the sacred connection between the coffin and the earth. In this way it would make the positive and the negative in harmony. The “Gold-Well” on the coffin platform together with the jade pieces was considered the highest burial in ancient China, known as “Gold-Well”and “Jade-Burial”，which means to bury the dead at the Gold-Well and among jade pieces. Now let's move on to the middle chamber. There are three marble thrones placed inside for Emperor Wan Li and his two empresses. The two marble thrones in the front were for the two wives which carved with phoneix on the back of the throne. The rear one was for the emperor which carved with dragon design. In front of each throne were placed a set of five glazed pottery altar-pieces, forward, we reach the front chamber without any ornament. Out of the front chamber and the entrance, we now finish our tour of the mysterious underground palace.

The Chinese archaeologists unearthed many historical relics. Totally there are more than 3,000 pieces of precious objects unearthed from Dingling, mainly gold plates,basins, cups, bowls and spoons of various sizes, gold and silver ingots, jewelries and etc.

The gold crown was the emperor's imperial crown woven with very fine gold filaments with two dragons playing with a pearl on it. It is neat and graceful, displaying the high artistry in arats and crafts in the Ming Dynasty. It is a national treasure for its meticulous craftsmanship, which requires very high artistic level in the craftsmanship.

中文范例

題一：明十三陵及神道

各位朋友大家好!今天我們參觀的景點(diǎn)是明十三陵，現(xiàn)在我們已經(jīng)來到了北京的遠(yuǎn)郊昌平區(qū)，即將進(jìn)入明十三陵景區(qū)。利用這段時(shí)間，我來給大家介紹一下明十三陵的歷史背景。

明十三陵位于北京市昌平區(qū)北部天壽山山麓，距市中心約50公里，陵區(qū)占地面積80平方公里。因?yàn)槊鬟w都北京后，有13位皇帝埋葬在這里，所以稱為十三陵。明十三陵的修建開始于永樂七年，即1409年，一直延續(xù)到清朝初年，1644年。營建時(shí)間前后200多年，一共埋葬有13位皇帝、23位皇后以及眾多的嬪妃和隨葬人員，形成了體系完整、規(guī)模宏大、氣勢磅礴的陵寢建筑群，它是我國規(guī)模最大的一處帝王陵墓群，也是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝較多的帝王陵墓群。2003年被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。

明十三陵的修建開始于明朝第三位皇帝明成祖朱棣。1407年明成祖朱棣的皇后徐氏去世，朱棣命禮部尚書趙羾和江西術(shù)士廖鈞卿等人來北京一帶卜選“吉壤”，以便安葬徐皇后。選擇陵址的工作在初期進(jìn)行得很不順利，直到兩年后，即永樂七年，1409年，才選定了現(xiàn)在的這篇天壽山地區(qū)。這一帶青山環(huán)繞，綠水長流，土地肥美，北部有龍脈，山前左有青龍，右有虎峪，正好符合了陰陽五行中四方之神的位置，即東青龍，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，是一塊絕佳的風(fēng)水寶地。廖鈞卿等人把陵址畫圖后呈給朱棣，朱棣親自來看后非常滿意，賜名為天壽山，開始動(dòng)工興建陵寢。經(jīng)過四年的修建，到1413年地宮竣工，安葬了徐皇后，并命名為“長陵”。此后，明朝的歷代皇帝，也陸續(xù)在這里修建了陵寢，從1409年延續(xù)到1644年，于是便形成了今天的規(guī)模。

不過，清朝初年清兵入關(guān)后，為了報(bào)復(fù)金人將清太祖的祖墳毀掉，曾經(jīng)燒毀了明十三陵的地面建筑。后來到乾隆時(shí)期，為了籠絡(luò)漢人，他下令又重新修繕了陵區(qū)。雍正皇帝時(shí)下詔尋找朱元璋的直系后裔，封為世襲恩侯，并派專人管理明陵。

新中國成立以后，對這里進(jìn)行了大規(guī)模的開發(fā)，并且開放了的長陵、定陵和昭陵，并發(fā)掘了定陵的地宮。現(xiàn)在這里已經(jīng)成為了全國重點(diǎn)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)。

講到這里可能有團(tuán)友要問了：明朝不是有十六個(gè)皇帝么?怎么這里只有十三個(gè)皇帝的陵寢呢?

是這樣的，明太祖朱元璋因?yàn)榻ǘ寄暇?，所以他的陵墓的南京，就是明孝陵。朱元璋死后，皇孫朱允炆繼承皇位，他采取了削藩的政策，結(jié)果他的四皇叔，即朱元璋的四子，駐守北京的燕王朱棣發(fā)動(dòng)了“靖難之役”，經(jīng)過四年的作戰(zhàn)，朱棣攻破了南京城，建文帝朱允炆下落不明，所以這里就沒有他的陵墓。少的第三個(gè)皇帝是明朝的第七代皇帝朱祁鈺，他的事情還要從第六代皇帝英宗朱祁鎮(zhèn)說起。朱祁鎮(zhèn)在位期間，在1449年，在宦官王振的慫恿下，朱祁鎮(zhèn)率軍親征蒙古族的瓦剌部，結(jié)果在河北懷來的土木堡兵敗，被瓦剌部俘虜。這個(gè)時(shí)間稱為“土木之變”。國不能一日無君，所以他的同父異母兄弟朱祁鈺就被封為景泰帝。一年后朱祁鎮(zhèn)被瓦剌部放歸，剛剛奪得帝位的景泰帝自然不肯讓出皇位，他把朱祁鎮(zhèn)關(guān)在南宮，長達(dá)近8年。直到1457年，在景泰帝并重時(shí)，英宗朱祁鎮(zhèn)才通過“奪門之變”重新奪回了皇位。景泰帝朱祁鈺很快病死，朱祁鎮(zhèn)廢掉了朱祁鈺的帝號，以親王的禮節(jié)吧朱祁鈺安葬在了北京西郊的金山口，所以在十三陵中沒有景泰帝的陵墓。這樣一來，大家一定都明白了為什么這里叫做十三陵了吧。十三陵以時(shí)間先后依次為：長陵(成祖朱棣)、獻(xiàn)陵(仁宗朱高熾)、景陵(宣宗朱瞻基)、裕陵(英宗朱祁鎮(zhèn))、茂陵(憲宗朱見深)、泰陵(孝宗朱祐樘)、康陵(武宗朱厚照)、永陵(世宗朱厚熜)、昭陵(穆宗朱載垕)、定陵(神宗朱翊鈞)、慶陵(光宗朱常洛)、徳陵(熹宗朱由校)、思陵(思宗朱由檢)。

好，現(xiàn)在請大家往右側(cè)的車窗外看，可以看到一個(gè)石牌坊，這就是明十三陵陵區(qū)的標(biāo)志性建筑，建于明嘉靖十九年(1540年)，至今已有四百六十多年歷史了。這個(gè)牌坊是5間6柱11樓，高14米，寬達(dá)到了28.86米，是現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)保存下來最大、建筑等級最高的大型仿木石牌坊。為什么要在這里建一個(gè)牌坊呢?這一懸著和風(fēng)水有關(guān)，原因是陵區(qū)南側(cè)的龍山和虎山相距比較遠(yuǎn)，沒有連在一起，這是風(fēng)水上的一個(gè)缺陷，石牌坊建在這里，這好彌補(bǔ)了這一不足，使十三陵的地勢貫通起來。從這里開始，就進(jìn)入了明十三陵的神道。這個(gè)神道既是明十三陵的總神道，又是長陵的神道。神道長7.3千米，這是我國歷代修建的帝王陵中神道最長的，其主要作用就是讓皇帝靈魂通過。在這條神道上，從南向北依次建有石牌坊、三孔石橋、大紅門、長陵神功圣德碑亭、石像生、欞星門、南五孔石橋、七孔石橋、北五孔石橋等建筑。

好，現(xiàn)在我們已經(jīng)到達(dá)了明十三陵的正門處。請大家?guī)Ш秒S身物品下車，我們從這里走過去。

大紅門就是陵墓區(qū)的正門兒，也叫大宮門。這里距石牌坊1.25千米。門是南向的，分三洞，在這個(gè)門里邊就是陵墓區(qū)。在門前左右兩側(cè)立下馬碑兩塊，正方兩面都刻著“官員人等至此下馬”8個(gè)字。下馬碑是告誡人們這里是帝后陵寢，必須恭敬小心。在古代皇帝和大臣到這來祭陵，至此也必須下馬。大紅門正門是皇帝皇后棺槨及各種極品的通道，左門是皇帝謁陵時(shí)行走的，右門是大臣 祭陵時(shí)行走的通道。讓我們進(jìn)入看看。

好，現(xiàn)在大家可以看到前邊有一個(gè)碑亭。這個(gè)碑亭是重檐歇山頂?shù)慕ㄖ?，正方形，四面有門，里邊的赑屃馱著巨碑，這是長陵的神功頌德碑。正面是明仁宗朱高熾為他的父親朱棣寫的3000多字的頌德碑文，而背面刻得則是乾隆的御制詩《哀明陵三十韻》。碑身的東面刻得是清政府修繕陵墓的花費(fèi)，西側(cè)刻得是嘉慶九年(1840年)御制詩，說的是明朝亡國的教訓(xùn)得失。

過了碑亭，我們繼續(xù)沿著神道往前走。大家可能發(fā)現(xiàn)了，在神路兩側(cè)，有很多石雕。他們叫石像生。長陵的石像生以這對石望柱開始，石望柱之后的800米的神道上排列著石獸12對、石人6對。石獸每種兩對，兩臥兩立。依次是：石望柱、獅子、獬豸、駱駝、大象、麒麟、馬，然后是武臣、文臣和勛臣各有四人。有朋友可能要問：為什么要設(shè)置這些石像生呢?其實(shí)原因很簡單，它們代表的是皇帝生前的儀仗，建筑這些，都是為了體現(xiàn)帝王生前的儀仗和死后的尊嚴(yán)。所以體積都非常大，嗲可的都非常精細(xì)。

在神路的盡頭是欞星門，俗稱“龍鳳門”，這里的欞星門為三開間，門中央位置上，裝飾有三個(gè)火焰寶珠，所以這里也被叫做火焰牌坊。欞星門意思是“天門”，即皇帝皇后等人的棺槨通過此門后，靈魂便升入了天堂。

通過這道欞星門，長陵馬上就到了，請大家收拾一下隨身物品，帶好照相機(jī)，我們準(zhǔn)備參觀十三陵之首--長陵。

題二：明十三陵概況及長陵

(前往長陵的旅游車上)

各位朋友，今天我們要參觀的景點(diǎn)是明十三陵中的定陵。利用這段時(shí)間，我來給大家簡單介紹一下明十三陵的概況。

明十三陵位于北京市昌平區(qū)北部天壽山山麓，因?yàn)槊鞒w都北京后，有十三位皇帝埋葬在這里，所以稱為十三陵。明十三陵的修建開始于永樂七年，即1409年，一直延續(xù)到清朝初年，1644年。營建時(shí)間前后200多年，一共埋葬有13位皇帝、23位皇后以及眾多的嬪妃和隨葬人員，形成了體系完整、規(guī)模宏大、氣勢磅礴的陵寢建筑群，它是我國規(guī)模最大的一處帝王陵墓群，也是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝較多的帝王陵墓群。2003年被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。

講到這里可能有團(tuán)友要問了：明朝不是有十六個(gè)皇帝嗎，怎么在這里只有十三個(gè)皇帝的陵寢呢?

是這樣的，明太祖朱元璋因?yàn)榻ǘ寄暇?，所以他的陵墓在南京，就是明孝?朱元璋死后，皇孫朱允炆繼承皇位，他采取了削藩的政策，結(jié)果他的死皇叔，即朱元璋的四子，駐守北京的燕王朱棣發(fā)動(dòng)了“靖難之役”，經(jīng)過四年的作戰(zhàn)，朱棣攻破了南京城，建文帝朱允炆下落不明，所以這里就沒有他的陵墓。少的第三個(gè)皇帝是明朝的第七代皇帝朱祁鈺，他的事情還要從第六代皇帝英宗朱祁鎮(zhèn)說起。朱祁鎮(zhèn)在位期間，在1449年，在宦官王振的慫恿下，朱祁鎮(zhèn)率軍親征蒙古瓦剌部，結(jié)果在河北懷來的土木堡兵敗，被瓦剌部俘虜。這個(gè)時(shí)間稱為“土木之變”。過不能一日無軍，所以他的同父異母兄弟朱祁鈺就被冊封為景泰帝。一年后朱祁鎮(zhèn)被瓦剌部放歸，剛剛奪得地位的景泰帝自然不肯讓出皇位，他把朱祁鎮(zhèn)關(guān)在南宮，長達(dá)8年。直到1457年，在景泰帝病重時(shí)，英宗朱祁鎮(zhèn)才通過“奪門之變”重新奪回了皇位。景泰帝朱祁鈺很快病死，朱祁鎮(zhèn)廢掉了朱祁鈺的帝號，一親王的禮節(jié)吧朱祁鈺安葬在了北京西郊的金山口，所以在十三陵中沒有景泰帝的陵墓。這樣一來，大家一定都明白了為什么這里叫做十三陵了吧。十三陵以時(shí)間先后依次為：長陵(成祖朱棣)、獻(xiàn)陵(仁宗朱高熾)、景陵(宣宗朱瞻基)、裕陵(英宗朱祁鎮(zhèn))、茂陵(憲宗朱見深)、泰陵(孝宗朱祐樘)、康陵(武宗朱厚照)、永陵(世宗朱厚熜)、昭陵(穆宗朱載垕)、定陵(神宗朱翊鈞)、慶陵(光宗朱常洛)、徳陵(熹宗朱由校)、思陵(思宗朱由檢)。

各位朋友，請看窗外，我們現(xiàn)在來到了明十三陵中規(guī)模最大、修建時(shí)間最長、保存最完好的眾陵之首--長陵。請大家整理好東西下車。

長陵位于天壽山主峰南麓，占地約12公頃。始建于公園1409年，先后歷時(shí)18年建成，陵內(nèi)葬有明代第三位皇帝--成祖朱棣和他的皇后徐氏。

說道明朝永樂皇帝朱棣，他是明太祖朱元璋的第四個(gè)兒子，11歲就被封為燕王，21歲就藩，就在今天的北京。朱元璋死后，朱允炆即位，年號建文。在建文元年(1399)，朱棣發(fā)動(dòng)“靖難之役”，到1402年時(shí)從侄子朱允炆手中奪得皇位，改年號永樂。因北京市他的刑期之地，地理位置又非常重要，于是朱棣在1420年把都城從南京遷到了北京。、

朱棣是一位很有作為的皇帝，他厚文重武，安內(nèi)攘外，不但在軍事上修筑長城，而且又派人編著了《永樂大典》這部我國歷史上最大的類書。不但發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)，讓百姓安居樂業(yè)，又派鄭和下西洋，開拓了海上絲綢之路，加強(qiáng)了與東南亞各國的友好往來。在他所統(tǒng)治的明朝年間，國庫充實(shí)，政局穩(wěn)定。我國被收入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》的文化遺跡中，有4項(xiàng)就是朱棣開創(chuàng)奠基的。他們是北京故宮、北京天壇、明十三陵和湖北武當(dāng)山道教古建筑群。擔(dān)他也有許多污點(diǎn)，如成立了特務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)東廠，發(fā)動(dòng)靖難之役奪權(quán)，大肆屠殺建文朝大臣，最殘酷的是采用活人殉葬制度，他死后，有16妃被賜死殉葬。

長陵的修建開始于1407年，這一年，明成祖朱棣的皇后徐氏去世，朱棣命禮部尚書趙羾和江西術(shù)士廖鈞卿等人來北京一帶卜選“吉壤”，以便安葬徐皇后。選擇陵址的工作在初期進(jìn)行得很不順利，當(dāng)時(shí)這些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功，開始他們選在了口外的屠家營，可是皇帝姓朱，與“豬”同音，煩了地諱。然互毆又選在了昌平西南的羊山腳下，巧的是后面有個(gè)村子叫“狼口峪”，這樣也不吉利。之后又選過京西的“燕家臺”，又與“晏駕”同音，這更不吉利，因此陵址一直沒有選定。直到兩年后，即永樂七年，1409年，才選定了現(xiàn)在的這篇天壽山地區(qū)。這一帶青山環(huán)繞，綠水長流，土地肥美，北部有龍脈，山前左有青龍，右有虎峪，正好符合了陰陽五行中四方之神的位置，即東青龍，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，是一塊絕佳的風(fēng)水寶地。廖鈞卿等人把陵址畫圖后呈給朱棣，朱棣親自來看后非常滿意，賜名為天壽山，開始動(dòng)工興建陵寢。經(jīng)過四年的修建，到1413年地宮竣工，安葬了徐皇后，并命名為“長陵”。

1424年，65歲的朱棣死在了親征蒙古的歸途中，后來尸體就葬在了我們眼前的這座長陵。

長陵的布局為“前方后園”，整個(gè)陵宮建筑南向西偏西9度。主要建筑有陵門、祾恩門、祾恩殿、明樓、寶城、寶頂?shù)取?/p>

“前方”部分由三進(jìn)院落組成。自陵門到祾恩門為第一進(jìn)院落，東南角有碑亭一座，立于明嘉靖年間，原來無字，清順治皇帝看過長陵后，在碑的正面用滿漢兩種文字寫了謁陵感受，碑的背面是清乾隆皇帝蟹的明陵八韻。原來還建有神廚和神庫，現(xiàn)在都已經(jīng)不見蹤跡了。

第二進(jìn)院落大門為祾恩門。祾恩門面闊五間，進(jìn)深二間，坐落在漢白玉的須彌座上，門內(nèi)就是祾恩殿。祾恩殿是供奉帝后神位和舉行祭陵活動(dòng)的場所，是仿照在家吃太和殿的規(guī)制建成的，重演廡殿頂，覆蓋著黃琉璃瓦，地上鋪的是金磚，九五開間，面積達(dá)1938平方米。祾恩殿所有建筑構(gòu)件的材料全部用的是最好的金絲楠木，也是明代帝王陵中唯一保存完好的祾恩殿，非常珍貴。原來祾恩殿中陳列有大佛龕，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有了，取而代之的是后人制作的永樂皇帝坐像，大家可以繞到坐像的后邊來看一下，可以看到椅背上可有一條龍，而龍頭則正對著永樂皇帝的頭部，這象征著皇帝是真龍?zhí)熳?。而四周則是出土文物的展覽。

第三進(jìn)院落大門為欞星門，直至明樓，門內(nèi)明有二柱牌坊、石幾筵由石供案和石五供組成，五供中間為為三足的石香爐，兩側(cè)為石燭臺，再兩側(cè)為石花瓶。石幾筵北邊就是明樓。

“后圓”就是指朱棣的陵墓，由寶城、寶山、方城、明樓組成。石五供后面的建筑是方城，方城之上是明樓，額上寫“長陵”二字，內(nèi)設(shè)“大明成祖文皇帝之陵”碑。明樓兩側(cè)連寶城，寶城就像是圓形的城堡，高7.3米，周長1千米。寶城圍起來的土山就是寶山，中央的高大土丘為寶頂，寶頂下面就是地宮。長陵的地宮尚未發(fā)掘，在十三個(gè)陵中只有定陵的地宮被打開。

現(xiàn)在，各位一定很想知道，那神秘的地宮是什么樣子的吧?參觀完長陵后我們就去參觀定陵的地下宮殿?，F(xiàn)在給大家20分鐘的自由活動(dòng)時(shí)間，20分鐘后我們再大門口集合。謝謝。

題三：明十三陵定陵

各位朋友，現(xiàn)在我們所在的位置是明十三陵中的定陵，這是十三陵中唯一打開地宮的陵，相信大家早已迫不及待，想要一睹三百余年前明朝皇帝地宮的神秘面目。為了大家參觀能更加盡興，我先為大家介紹一下定陵的概況及發(fā)掘過程。

定陵位于天壽山的大峪山前，朝南偏東54度。建成于公元1590年，是明朝第十三位皇帝朱翊鈞和他的兩位皇后孝端和孝靖的合葬墓，也是明十三陵中僅次于長陵、永陵(嘉靖)的第三大陵。先給大家講講萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞和他的兩位皇后。

朱翊鈞生于1563年，1572年即位，改年號為萬歷，當(dāng)時(shí)他只有10歲，他是明朝在位時(shí)間最長的皇帝，共48年。這48年以萬歷十七年為界，可以分為兩個(gè)階段。前一階段，內(nèi)有他的母親皇太后李氏和大太監(jiān)馮保的約束，外有首輔大臣張居正的輔佐，國家的各方面都有很大的發(fā)展。但自從這幾個(gè)人先后去世以后，朱翊鈞幾乎變了一個(gè)人，不上朝、不批奏折、不去祭祀，完全放棄了做皇帝的責(zé)任，終日沉溺于酒色財(cái)氣。萬歷十一年(1583)，年僅22歲的萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞決定開始為自己修建陵墓，命大臣和風(fēng)水術(shù)士等卜選吉壤，反復(fù)研究了許多地點(diǎn)。朱翊鈞對這件事十分重視，前后三次親自到天壽山勘驗(yàn)，最后請皇太后到場，決定在大嶼山籌建壽宮。定陵的營建從萬歷十二年(1584)十一月開工，至萬歷十八年(1590)六月竣工，歷時(shí)近6年，整個(gè)工程耗銀800萬兩。萬歷四十八年(1620)朱翊鈞駕崩，享年58歲，十月三日安葬于我們眼前的這座定陵。

萬歷皇帝有連個(gè)皇后，孝端皇后和孝靖皇后，孝端皇后王氏，性情溫和寬厚，但未能給朱翊鈞生子，但她對被朱翊鈞冷落的皇長子朱常洛很照顧。王皇后死于1620年四月六日，謚號孝端。

孝靖皇后也姓王，父親是錦衣衛(wèi)百戶，王氏于萬歷六年(1578)進(jìn)宮，當(dāng)時(shí)13歲，進(jìn)宮后在慈寧宮伺候朱翊鈞的母親孝定太后。一次朱翊鈞去給母親請安時(shí)，向王氏索水洗手，私下臨幸了王氏，后來生下了皇長子朱常洛，王氏因此被冊封為恭妃，但此后王氏一直被冷落。萬歷三十九年王氏病逝，一年以后皇貴妃的身份下葬。按明朝規(guī)定，皇貴妃伺候不能入地宮，于是王氏被葬在了東井左側(cè)的平岡地。朱常洛繼位后，追封母親為皇太后，但還沒等舉行追封禮儀朱常洛便駕崩。直到第15個(gè)皇帝熹宗時(shí)才給王氏謚號孝靖，遷葬到定陵地宮。所以定陵地宮中葬有一帝二后。

目前，定陵已成為全國重點(diǎn)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)，4A級景點(diǎn)，每天都有來自世界各地的旅游者前來參觀。

好，下面我來說說定陵的布局情況。

定陵的布局同長陵一樣，也是由“前方后圓”的格局組成。整個(gè)陵園原來由陵門、祾恩門、祾恩殿、明樓、寶城、寶頂及明樓錢的左右配殿組成?，F(xiàn)在定陵的正門應(yīng)該是第二道門，叫重門，院內(nèi)沒有建筑設(shè)施。重門之后為祾恩門，祾恩門內(nèi)位祾恩殿。經(jīng)過明末李自成起義、清初多爾袞及日本占領(lǐng)時(shí)期的破壞，今天祾恩門及祾恩殿已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在，只留下些基座?，F(xiàn)在我們先來看一看祾恩門及祾恩殿遺址。各位，現(xiàn)在我們所站的位置即位定陵祾恩殿的遺址，現(xiàn)在還可以看到當(dāng)年大殿的柱礎(chǔ)。從僅余須彌座臺基，我們還可以想見當(dāng)年的規(guī)模。

好，請大家跟隨我繼續(xù)往前走。前面東西兩個(gè)配殿內(nèi)事十三陵出土的文物展，定陵共出土各種文物3000多件。第一陳列室主要展出的是皇帝棺槨中出土的文物，過擴(kuò)謚寶、謚寶、金冠、玉帶、金銀器皿、絲織品等。最珍貴的是萬歷皇帝曾經(jīng)戴過的2頂冕冠、3頂翼善冠和穿過的5件袞服。3頂翼善冠中的1頂為金絲翼善冠，最為精美。全部用金子制成，重862克，高24厘米，用518根0.2毫米的金絲編成。制造水平登峰造極，爐火純青，令人嘆為觀止。

第二陳列室主要展出的是兩位皇后棺槨中的隨葬品，包括鳳冠、頭飾、寶石及其他兩位皇后生前使用過的生活用品，現(xiàn)在各位可以免費(fèi)參觀，咱們十分鐘后在明樓前集合。、

(在明樓下)各位請看，這就是定陵的明樓，明樓是一個(gè)陵的標(biāo)志性建筑，也是每個(gè)陵的最高建筑?？赡苡信笥褧柫耍甑牡挾鏖T和祾恩殿都?xì)в趹?zhàn)火，為什么明樓能保存如此完好呢?其實(shí)呢，答案很簡單，因?yàn)槎甑拿鳂鞘鞘|(zhì)的，這座明樓看起來斗、拱、梁、枋俱全，再加上油漆彩繪像是木結(jié)構(gòu)的，但實(shí)際上完全是石質(zhì)的，故不怕火燒，不怕日曬雨淋，所以才得以如此完好的保存至今。明樓的兩側(cè)連接黃繞著周長800米的圍墻，叫寶城，寶城正中的高大土丘被稱為寶頂，在寶頂下方即是地宮了。現(xiàn)在，請各位隨我上寶城，我給大家講一講定陵的發(fā)掘的經(jīng)過。

(寶城西側(cè)第一條探溝邊)各位朋友，請到這里來，大家肯定很關(guān)心當(dāng)年發(fā)掘定陵地宮的情況，這得從1955年說起。這一年的10月15日，當(dāng)時(shí)的中國科學(xué)院院長郭沫若、文化部部長沈雁冰、北京市副市長吳晗、《人民日報(bào)》社長鄧拓、歷史研究所第三所長范文瀾、全國人大常委會副秘書長張?zhí)K6人，聯(lián)名上書國務(wù)院，建議發(fā)掘十三陵中的長陵，以研究明史。經(jīng)周總理的批示后，成立了長陵發(fā)掘委員會。經(jīng)過專家組實(shí)地調(diào)查后認(rèn)為i，應(yīng)在獻(xiàn)陵、定陵和慶陵中選一陵試掘，取得經(jīng)驗(yàn)后再考慮對長陵的發(fā)掘。因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)定陵寶城西南的封土圍墻毀壞，露出了券門，為發(fā)掘地宮提供了一定線索，于是就決定先發(fā)掘定陵。發(fā)掘工作于1956年5月正式開始。

發(fā)掘人員首先在寶城城墻內(nèi)側(cè)正對券門的地方，開了第一條長20米，寬3.5米的探溝，探溝見底后，發(fā)現(xiàn)了用城磚砌成的通往明樓后面寶城的隧道。這是一條棺槨進(jìn)葬時(shí)用的通道，棺槨進(jìn)葬后用黃土填實(shí)。

為減少發(fā)掘的土方量和盡可能少砍伐寶頂上的松柏古樹，發(fā)掘人員沿著隧道指示的方向又在明樓后面正對寶頂?shù)姆较蜷_了第二條長30米、寬10米的探溝，當(dāng)挖到7.5米的時(shí)候，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一塊小石碑，上刻“此石至金剛墻錢皮十六丈，深三丈五尺”的字樣。因?yàn)槎晔腔实凵盃I造的陵墓，完工后必須將地宮用土封上以等待帝后，這塊石碑的作用就是指示方向用的標(biāo)志。帝后下葬后石碑仍然埋回原處。

發(fā)掘隊(duì)按小石碑指示的方向，在正對明樓的中軸線上又挖了第三條也是最后一條長15米，寬10米的探溝，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一條長40米的斜坡石隧道。1957年5月在隧道盡頭發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)“圭”字形的門，這個(gè)門就是小石碑上所指的“金剛墻”。金剛墻高8米多，由23層大城磚將地宮緊密的封閉起來。金剛墻拆除后，露出一間面積為60多平方米的長方形隧道。隧道的盡頭是兩扇巨大的漢白玉石門，每扇門上又乳狀門釘，縱橫各9排共81枚。關(guān)于這座石門的開啟，費(fèi)了一番周折。因?yàn)槭T后有一塊石條將門死死頂住，從外面開啟困難。發(fā)掘熱暖苦思冥想，終于用“拐丁鑰匙”打開了石門，并用同樣的方法陸續(xù)打開了地宮內(nèi)各道宮門。1958年7月發(fā)掘工作完成。至于“拐丁鑰匙”是什么樣的?發(fā)掘隊(duì)員有事如何用所謂的“拐丁鑰匙”打開地宮大門的?地宮內(nèi)又有什么秘密?請大家?guī)е@些問題，現(xiàn)在就讓我們下去一探究竟。

各位，現(xiàn)在我們所在的位置是定陵地宮的左配殿，定陵地宮的制度為“九重法宮”制，即模仿帝王日常所居的宮室建筑，分為前、中、后、左、右五個(gè)殿堂。這里是地宮的左配殿，各位請看，室內(nèi)正中靠里側(cè)的這個(gè)大石臺叫做棺床，棺床的正中有個(gè)長方形的孔穴，那是做什么用的呢?這個(gè)小穴名叫“金井”。那有朋友可能會問了，“金井”中放的應(yīng)該是金子吧?這個(gè)猜測是錯(cuò)誤的。實(shí)際上，“金井”中放的指示黃土。地宮中的金井是整個(gè)陵寢建筑格局的基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)，位于卜選陵址時(shí)選定穴位的正下方。穴位定下之后，先要在穴位后方打樣坑來勘驗(yàn)?zāi)沟氐牡刭|(zhì)情況，勘驗(yàn)無誤后便動(dòng)工興建地宮。地宮建成后再把這土樣放在預(yù)留的“井”內(nèi)，即成“金井”。“金井”上設(shè)置棺床。在棺床上設(shè)“金井”并放置玉石，叫做“金井玉葬”，這是古代最高級別的葬制，只有帝后才能享用。左配殿理論上市放置帝后棺槨的殿堂，但當(dāng)打開地下宮殿時(shí)，發(fā)掘者們發(fā)現(xiàn)帝后的棺槨并不在這里，而且左配殿內(nèi)是空的，這是怎么回事兒呢?皇帝和皇后的棺槨到底在什么地方呢?大家請隨我來。

各位!這是地宮的中殿，當(dāng)年被打開時(shí)，里面有三座漢白玉的寶座，呈“品”字形陳列，現(xiàn)在為了參觀方便，擺成了“三”字形。萬歷皇帝的寶座雕有云龍圖案，兩位皇后的寶座刻有翔鳳圖案，此外在每個(gè)寶座之前都有五個(gè)琉璃擺件，即一個(gè)香爐，一對燭臺及一對花瓶稱為“五供”，是專門為供奉那些死去的人而設(shè)。此外還有一個(gè)云龍大瓷缸，這就是人們所說的萬年燈，也叫長明燈，當(dāng)年里面裝滿香油，在關(guān)閉地宮大門前點(diǎn)燃，燈火通明，象征大明江山萬世相傳。不過大家想一下，沒有氧氣怎么能長明?所以發(fā)掘隊(duì)打開地宮時(shí)，萬年燈已經(jīng)熄滅，缸內(nèi)的油層表面也已經(jīng)凝固?，F(xiàn)在擺在這里的是復(fù)制品。

各位朋友，現(xiàn)在我們來到了地下宮殿最精華的部分，這里是地宮的后點(diǎn)，在打開地宮時(shí)，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)帝后的棺槨都放在這里，中間最大的棺槨是萬歷皇帝的，左邊的是孝端皇帝的棺槨，右邊是孝靖皇后的棺槨。兩側(cè)還陳列這26個(gè)紅漆木箱，里面放的是陪葬品，當(dāng)年經(jīng)過整理，共出土3000多件出土文物，其中有皇帝的各種禮冠;皇后的各種鳳冠;帝后的服飾、面料及首飾、玉帶、玉佩、衣料、禮器、兵器、瓷器、冥器等，件件精美。

各位朋友，現(xiàn)在我們所在的位置是地宮的前殿石門旁，剛才我說過地宮的兩扇大石門是發(fā)掘人員用“拐丁鑰匙”巧妙地打開的，大家應(yīng)該還記得吧?請各位看一看我們眼前的大門，這就是當(dāng)年那兩扇石門，定陵地宮五室共設(shè)有這樣的石門7座，前、中、后三室的石門均高3.3米，寬1.7米，重約4噸。怎么樣，夠重吧?門后的這塊長石就是當(dāng)時(shí)從門后頂住大石門的頂門石，又稱“自來石”，地宮中七扇大門后都有一塊。為什么叫它自來石呢?原來啊，在門內(nèi)地面上又一個(gè)凹槽，關(guān)門的時(shí)候，先將一扇門關(guān)嚴(yán)，將另一扇門關(guān)到地面石槽內(nèi)側(cè)，門內(nèi)有人將自來石放入地面石槽正中，斜靠在半掩的門扇石坎上，然后門內(nèi)人叢石縫中撤出，將未關(guān)上的門扇拉緊，自來石便落在兩扇門后的是石坎下，將門牢牢頂住了。聽到這里可能又有朋友會問了，古代的工匠吧陵墓石門設(shè)計(jì)得如此巧妙，那我們的發(fā)掘人員又是怎樣在短短的幾分鐘內(nèi)將門打開的呢?我在前面提及過，打開地宮大門的“神秘武器”叫“拐丁鑰匙”，發(fā)掘人員所用的“拐丁鑰匙”其實(shí)就是一根綁著鐵絲的硬木條兒。工作的程序是這樣的：第一步，將硬木條插入門縫中，輕輕用力將石門后的自來石從門后的槽內(nèi)頂起，并保持原位置;第二步，輕推兩扇石門，至縫隙可以伸進(jìn)去收的程度，然后將綁在木條上的鐵絲做成一個(gè)長方形的套，從自來石的上部將其套住;第三步，一邊繼續(xù)推開大門，一邊用力將被套住的自來石往側(cè)面拽動(dòng)，墓地是讓自來石的下端出凹槽，失去支點(diǎn)，以便打開其中一扇大門;第四步，當(dāng)大門打開的程度可以鉆進(jìn)一個(gè)人時(shí)，鉆進(jìn)去吧自來石移開就可以了。現(xiàn)在大家知道打開地宮大門的方法了吧。當(dāng)然我說的“拐丁鑰匙”的形狀是我們今人設(shè)計(jì)出來的，至于明朝時(shí)拐丁鑰匙的形制如何、尺寸多少，因?yàn)闆]有相關(guān)記載，我們今天就不得而知了。此外，因此定陵的石門設(shè)計(jì)非常巧妙，門軸一端后0.4米，鋪首(外側(cè))一端厚0.2米，重心字內(nèi)側(cè)，里重外輕，所以開關(guān)自如。讓我們不得不佩服古代工匠的智慧。

好!定陵地宮講解道此結(jié)束，謝謝大家的合作。