“殷墟王陵”中英雙語導(dǎo)游詞（下）

and 19.5 meters respectively. 92 planks of wood measuring 2 to 4 meters in length were found at the bottom of the tomb, indicating that the four walls of the tomb were great in scale, with the largest wall measuring 6 meters. All of the large planks were greatly detailed, painted and engraved with decorative patterns, as well as inlaid with animal teeth. Humans sacrificed or buried alive number 225. Burial articles, like ritual bronzes, stone and jade ware, white pottery, and gold foil, were excavated, many of which were made in an elegant manner. Tomb 1001 was a burial from early in Yinxu's history, and is believed to be Five large tombs were discovered in the eastern zone of the Royal Cemetery. Over 2000 smaller burials and sacrificial pits are scattered all around the large tombs. In the vicinity of the western zone's eight tombs, only more than 100 smaller tombs and sacrificial pits have been discovered. Take a quick look at the eight large tombs in the western zone. Excluding the unfinished tomb in the middle, do you notice any similarities? These tombs all have four tomb ramps. Archaeologists believe that four tomb ramps designated the tombs of the Shang kings, confirming that this place is indeed the burial ground of the late Shang royal family. Pre-Qin dynasty royal tombs preserved this practice. For example, the recently discovered Chu tomb in Hubei province, Jiuliandun, has the four-ramped layout. Yet among the five large tombs of the eastern zone, only one has four tomb ramps. Three of them have 2 ramps, and 1 large tomb has only a single tomb ramp. The standards of the eastern zone are inferior to the western zone.

殷墟王陵大墓還有什么特點(diǎn)呢?首先，這些大墓墓室宏大，形制壯闊，具有代表性的是M1217大墓。也就是觀景臺(tái)下面的這座大墓。該墓有4條墓道，墓室平面呈“亞”字形，墓室南北長18.4米，東西寬18.1米，墓口到底深15.4米，東、西、南、北四條墓道分別長28.90米、25.00米、60.40米、41.55米?？偯娣e達(dá)1，803平方米，是王陵遺址規(guī)模最大、墓道最長的大墓。第二，王陵大墓墓內(nèi)隨葬品豐富，種類繁多。像剛才我介紹給大家的M1004大墓，這是王陵遺址大墓出土器物最多的一座。特別是出土了牛方鼎、鹿方鼎，器型厚重，文飾精美，是殷墟出土青銅器的代表之一。第三，就是墓內(nèi)殉人普遍，數(shù)量少則1人，多則達(dá)上百人。具有代表性的是M1001大墓。它在王陵遺址西區(qū)東部，大墓內(nèi)M1001位于王陵遺址西區(qū)東部，有4條墓道。墓室平面呈“亞”字形，南北長18.9米，東西寬21.3米，墓口至墓底深10.5米。4條墓道呈坡狀，其東、西、南、北分別長14.3米、11米 、30.7米、19.5米。墓底由92塊長2-4米的巨型柏木板鋪底、四壁由巨型木板筑成，最大者長達(dá)6米。這些巨型木板皆涂朱，雕刻花紋，鑲嵌獸牙，奢華考究。墓內(nèi)外的殉人及人牲多達(dá)225人，是殷墟王陵大墓重殉人最多的一個(gè)。并出土了青銅禮器、玉石器、白陶及金葉等大量制作極為精美的隨葬品。M1001是殷墟王陵遺址中時(shí)代較早的墓葬，有學(xué)者認(rèn)為是商王武丁的陵墓。

Do Yinxu Royal Cemetery large tombs have other shared characteristics? First, the tomb pits are vast and their design magnificent. An example of this is large tomb number 1217, the tomb located below the viewing platform. This tomb has four ramps, and the tomb pit is shaped like a cross. From north to south it measures 18.4 meters long, and from east to west it is 18.1 meters wide. From the tomb mouth at the surface to the bottom of the pit is 15.4 meters, and the four tomb ramps in east, west, south and north measure 28.9 meters, 25.00 meters, 60.40 meters, and 41.55 meters respectively. The total area is 1,803 square meters, making it the largest tomb in the Royal Cemetery with the longest tomb ramps as well. A second similarity is that the large tombs of the Royal Cemetery all have abundant burial articles of various kinds. For example, the tomb I introduced earlier, large tomb number 1004, contained the largest number of excavated articles in a single tomb. Of special mention are two square ding-cauldrons, one decorated with ox motifs and the other decorated with deer motifs. They are wonderful examples of Shang bronze ware, their molding is thick and heavy, but their designs are exquisite. A third characteristic is the widespread evidence of live-human burial, ranging in numbers of 1 to over 100 victims per tomb. An example of this is large tomb number 1001. Located in the western zone of the Royal Cemetery, tomb 1001 has four tomb ramps. The tomb pit is shaped like a cross, and it measures 18.9 meters from north to south, 21.3 meters from east to west, and is 10.5 meters deep. The four tomb ramps are sloped: the eastern ramp is 14.3 meters long, the western ramp measures 11 meters, the southern ramp is 30.7 meters, and the northern ramp comes to 19.5 meters in length. The tomb floor contained 92 planks of cedar measuring 2 to 4 meters in length, used to build the tomb floor and walls. The longest piece of wood measured 6 meters. These planks were all painted vermilion, engraved with decorative patterns and inlaid wth animal teeth paying extravagant attention to detail. The number of humans buried alive or sacrificed came to 225, one of the highest number in the Royal Cemetery. A large number of the burial articles, like ritual bronzes, stone and jade ware, white pottery and gold foil, were of impeccable manufacture. Tomb 1001 is a burial from a relatively early period at the Royal Cemetery, and there are some scholar who believe it is the tomb of Shang king Wu Ding.

王陵西區(qū)的8座大墓，有人可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，大墓的墓道是互通的。學(xué)者們發(fā)掘大墓時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)有些墓道有疊壓現(xiàn)象，這也按照一定的布局安排。墓已經(jīng)全部被盜，殘存隨葬品極少，給分期斷代研究帶來了困難，根據(jù)墓道疊壓關(guān)系，學(xué)者們可以明確判斷出它們之間的建造順序。比如，我們看到觀景臺(tái)下面的M1217與M1500，發(fā)掘時(shí)M1217疊壓在M1500南墓道上，由此可知，M1217晚于M1500。

The eight large tombs of the western zone, as some can probably figure out, have tomb ramps that overlap. When scholars excavated the large tombs, they discovered this overlapping phenomenon as saw it as more evidence for the orderly arrangement of the tombs. The tombs had already been looted, and the number of surviving burial articles were few, making periodization difficult. Based on the order of tomb construction determined from the overlapping of the tomb ramps, scholars can unequivocally determine their chronological order. For example, take large tomb numbers 1217 and 1500 located below the view platform. During excavation, tomb 1217 overlapped tomb 1500's ramps, so from this we can conclude that tomb 1217 was constructed later than tomb 1500. 觀景臺(tái)我先介紹到這里，如果大家有興趣，一會(huì)講解結(jié)束后，可以自由參觀。 Here on the platform which I introduced earlier, if you have questions or what to know more, please feel free to ask me. After I have finished the tour, you can explore the site on your own.

九、觀景臺(tái)至M1500大墓 根據(jù)村民們回憶，以前王陵遺址也叫武官吳家柏樹墳，是一片古柏樹林，到了20世紀(jì)30年代還有100多棵，最粗的要三個(gè)人才能合抱。日本侵略者占領(lǐng)安陽后，這片墳地上的柏樹都被砍光了，逐步變成了農(nóng)田。

According to the recollections of villagers, the Royal Cemetery site was also called the cypress graveyard of the Wus, a family with a tradition of military service, because it used to be a forest of cypress trees. In the 1920s, there were still over 100 trees, some so thick it took three people to encircle the entire trunk. After the invading Japanese captured Anyang, the cypress forest was cut down completely, and was progressively converted into farmland.

由于大墓在發(fā)掘后就進(jìn)行了回填，為了讓大家了解大墓的分布形式，我們?cè)诖竽股嫌冒貥渥隽说乇碇脖粯?biāo)識(shí)。為什么用柏樹而不用其他樹種呢?根據(jù)論語記載，夏代祖廟附近種植松樹，商代種植柏樹。為體現(xiàn)出當(dāng)年的風(fēng)貌，所以我們采用了柏樹。在整個(gè)景區(qū)，還種植了松樹、槐樹等一些植被。這些植被一般都是種植在墓區(qū)的。

Since the large tombs were backfilled after excavation, in order to help visitors understand the location of tombs in the Royal Cemetery site, we have planted cypress trees to act as plant markers. Why did we use cypress trees and not another variety? As the Analects of Confucius say, the Xia dynasty planted pine trees near its ancestral temple, and the Shang planted cypress trees. In order to reflect the landscape of the Shang period, we have therefore used cypress trees. Throughout the entire site we have planted cypress trees and Chinese scholar trees, plants which are all appropriate for a cemetery.

(M1567大墓)在王陵西區(qū)的8座大墓中，有1座未完工的大墓，它在考古發(fā)掘時(shí)的編號(hào)為M1567，居于這八座大墓的中部。為什么說未完工呢?因?yàn)檫@座大墓只挖開了墓室，墓內(nèi)未發(fā)現(xiàn)殉葬用人牲。有學(xué)者推測(cè)，此墓應(yīng)屬于商王帝辛(即殷紂王)。公元前1046年，周武王伐紂，墓未修建完成，帝辛自焚而亡。因此，他死后未埋入此墓。當(dāng)然，這也只是一個(gè)推測(cè)，究竟是不是殷紂王之墓，仍然是一個(gè)未解之謎。不僅這座大墓主人，其他大墓的主人也是解不開的謎團(tuán)，有待進(jìn)一步的考證與探索。因?yàn)樗鼈儦v史上多次被盜掘，只從劫后遺物上，很難判斷大墓真正的主人，是令人遺憾的事情，也是王陵遺址的魅力所在。

In the center of the 8 large tombs in the western zone of the Royal Cemetery, there is one incomplete tomb, which has been numbered 1567 by archaeologists. Why do we say it is incomplete? Because for this large tomb, only the tomb pit was dug, and no evidence of human sacrifice or burial was found. Some scholars have deduced that this tomb should belong to Shang king Di Xin, also know as King Zhou of Yin. In 1046 BCE, when King Wu of the Zhou dynasty, which is not the same Zhou as the Shang king, attacked King Zhou of Yin, construction of the tomb was unfinished, so King Zhou immolated himself. Because of this, he was not buried after he died. Of course, this is only conjecture. It could turn out to be King Zhou of Yin's tomb, or it could not be--it is still an unsolved mystery. Not only the identity of this tomb's intended occupant, but the occupants of other large tombs are also unknown and depend on further investigation and exploration. Because these tombs were frequently robbed in the past and we only have what artifacts were left for evidence, it is very difficult to determine the true occupants of the tombs. It is an unfortunate situation, but it is also part of the captivating mystery of the Royal Cemetery site.

十、M1500大墓 (M1500大墓)

根據(jù)考古發(fā)掘表明，殷墟王陵大墓埋在地表以下，有的深達(dá)10余米。墓室平面多呈現(xiàn)“亞”字形、“中”字形、“甲”字形等。這座大墓為M1500，墓室近方形，四條墓道?？谛〉状?，南北口長18.45米，底長10.38米。四條墓道除南墓道為坡形外，其余三條皆有臺(tái)階，北墓道中段還有兩個(gè)東西向的支道，也有臺(tái)階。南墓道長48.55米;東墓道長20.05米，23級(jí)臺(tái)階;西墓道長22.65米，28級(jí)臺(tái)階;北墓道長22.60米，31級(jí)臺(tái)階;北墓道的東支道長3米，11級(jí)臺(tái)階;西支道長3.38米，10級(jí)臺(tái)階。此墓曾多次被盜，但仍保留有許多遺物，出土有石俎、石夔龍、石牛、石虎和玉戈、玉飾、骨鏃、銅矛頭、銅鏃、金葉、白陶、儀仗類木器等。殉人達(dá)114個(gè)。

As archaeological excavation has indicated, the large tombs in the Yinxu royal cemetery were built below present-day surface levels, some as low as 10 meters. The tomb pits are shaped like crosses, or squares with one or two ramps leading upward. This large tomb is known as tomb number 1500. The shape of the tomb pit is nearly a square, and it has four tomb ramps. The dimensions of the tomb narrow from mouth to the base, starting at 18.45 meters from north to south and shrinking to 10.38 meters. Except for the southern tomb ramp which is sloped, the other three all contain steps. Branching off of the northern tomb ramp are two smaller paths east and west, which also contain steps. The southern tomb ramp is 48.55 meters long and the eastern ramp is 20.05 meters with a flight of 23 steps. The western ramp is 22.65 meters long, and has 28 steps. The northern ramp is 22.60 meters long and has 31 steps. It's eastern branch is 3 meters long with 11 steps, and the western branch is 3.38 steps long and contains 10 steps. This tomb was robbed several times in the past, but still several relics remained protected. Excavated items include stone vessels, stone figurines of dragons, oxen, and tigers, as well as a jade ge-dagger-axe, jade ornaments, bone arrowheads, bronze spearheads, gold leaf, white pottery and wooden insignias. 114 human sacrifices were uncovered as well.

十一、M1500至 M1004路上 這邊我們可以看到一些石雕。

它們是根據(jù)大墓中出土的石雕，按照原樣仿制的。像這個(gè)石怪獸，是在M1001大墓中出土的，作屈膝跪坐狀。(該墓是由我國著名考古學(xué)家尹達(dá)主持發(fā)掘的)石怪獸出土后，人們看到它的樣子非常特別，形狀如虎，但屈膝跪坐，與虎又有差別，當(dāng)時(shí)有人把它稱為虎首人身像。石怪獸的這種造型，也讓我們看到了商代的禮儀。除了石怪獸，這里還有石牛，它四肢彎曲呈現(xiàn)蹲踞狀。石虎、石龍均呈伏臥壯。這些石雕不僅反映出當(dāng)時(shí)人們的審美觀念，而且體現(xiàn)出商代高超的工藝制作水平。

On this side we can see some stone carvings. These are based on carvings excavated from the large tombs, copies based on the original appearance of the carvings. Take for example this carving of a kneeling legendary animal excavated from large tomb number 1001. (By the way, this tomb was excavated under the direction of famous Chinese archaeologist Yin Da.) After the stone creature was excavated, we saw that its appearance was extremely peculiar. Its appearance is like a tiger, but it is kneeling and is different from real tigers in other ways. During the Shang period some people described this as having the head of a tiger and the body of a man. Models like this stone creature cause us to examine Shang aesthetics. In addition to the stone creature, there is also a stone ox, it's four limbs curved in a squatting position. The stone tiger and stone dragon are lying prostrate on their bellies. These kinds of stone carvings not only reflect Shang period aesthetic sensibilities, but also reflect the superb level of Shang art.

十二、M1004大墓 (M1004大墓)我們旁邊的這座大墓為M1004。

墓室呈長方形，四條墓道。墓室口大底小，口至底深12.20米。墓口南北長17.90米，東西寬15.90米。四條墓道均呈坡形，東、西、南、北墓道分別長15.00米、13.80米、31.40米、14.10米。墓室內(nèi)由長木條鋪疊成“亞”字形木槨，槨室四壁涂漆，雕刻花紋，上有鑲嵌。此墓曾多次被盜掘，但在墓室南部還保留了許多重要的隨葬品。隨葬品分四層安置，最底層是車飾、皮甲及盾等物，第二層是銅矛頭360個(gè)，第三層放置銅盔100多個(gè)、銅戈370把，最上層為著名的牛方鼎、鹿方鼎和石磬、碧玉棒等。墓內(nèi)殉人13個(gè)。M1004的時(shí)代處于殷墟早期與中期之間。

This large tomb on our side is known as large tomb number 1004. The tomb pit resembles a rectangle, and has four tomb ramps. Again, the tomb's mouth is larger than its base, and is 12.20 meters deep. The tomb mouth is 17.90 meters (north-south) by 15.90 meters (east-west)。 The east, west, south, and north tomb ramps are all sloped, measuring 15.00 meters, 13.80 meters, 31.40 meters and 14.10 meters respectively. Inside the tomb pit is the inner wooden chamber, its long planks of wood assembled in a cross shape. The walls of the chamber were painted, engraved with decorative patterns and inlaid. This tomb was looted in the past, but in the southern portion of the tomb pit several important burial articles were preserved. The burial articles were arranged in four layers. The first layer was chariot ornaments and leather armor and shields. The second layer contained 360 bronze spearheads. In the third layer were placed more than 100 bronze helmets and 370 bronze ge-dagger-axes. The topmost layer contained the famous ox and deer square ding-cauldrons I mentioned earlier, as well as stone chimes and jade clubs. Inside the tomb, the remains of 13 human sacrifices were found. Tomb number 1004 is placed chronologically between the early and middle phases at Yinxu.

發(fā)掘這座大墓時(shí)，在墓的上， , 方發(fā)現(xiàn)了一座漢代墓，漢代墓的下方有一個(gè)盜洞，一直挖到M1004大墓的墓室。根據(jù)這一點(diǎn)，他們推測(cè)早在漢代以前，甚至春秋、西周時(shí)期這些大墓已經(jīng)被盜。該墓在第一次清理發(fā)掘時(shí)，沒發(fā)現(xiàn)什么珍貴文物，而且也是當(dāng)時(shí)發(fā)掘的四座大墓(M1001、M1002、M1003)中略小的一座。在第二次對(duì)它清理發(fā)掘時(shí)，它卻大放光彩。在南墓道口未被盜坑波及的一塊夯土中，發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)大鼎，為牛方鼎和鹿方鼎。在墓的旁邊，我們可以看到兩個(gè)大鼎的復(fù)制品。牛鼎四面為牛頭，鹿鼎四面為鹿頭，兩件大鼎紋飾精美，器型厚重。梁思永看到兩件大鼎后，感慨的說：“牛、鹿大鼎不但是中國考古史上第一大發(fā)現(xiàn)，也是中國時(shí)代最早的青銅大鼎第一次出土。”現(xiàn)在這兩件大鼎保存在我國的寶島--臺(tái)灣。除了這兩個(gè)大鼎以外，還發(fā)現(xiàn)了車飾、皮甲、盾牌以及大量的銅矛頭、銅盔、銅戈等重要文物。因此，這座大墓是殷墟王陵考古史中最重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)之一，同時(shí)為我們研究殷商文化起到重要作用。

When this tomb was excavated, a tomb from the Han dynasty was discovered above it. Beneath the Han tomb a looter's tunnel had been dug straight into the pit of tomb 1004. Based on this evidence, archaeologists have conjectured that early during the Han period, even before the Spring and Autumn period and the Western Zhou dynasty, these tombs were already being plundered. The first time this tomb was scientifically excavated, no valuable cultural relics were discovered, and compared to other tombs excavated at the time, like tombs 1001, 1002, and 1003, this tomb was slightly smaller. When this tomb was dug up a second time by archaeologists, they made an important discovery: at the opening of the southern tomb ramp, they found a section of rammed earth unplundered. There they found two great ding-cauldrons, one decorated with ox motifs and the other decorated with deer motifs. On the side of the tomb, we can see two copies of the great ding-cauldrons. The four sides of the ox ding-cauldron have ox heads, and the four sides of the deer ding-cauldron have deer heads. The decorations of these two pieces are exquisite and their casting is decorous. After seeing these two relics, archaeologist Liang Siyong exclaimed “The ox and deer ding cauldrons are not only the first great discovery of Chinese archaeology, but they are also the earliest bronze ding-cauldrons excavated in Chinese history.” Right now these two ding-cauldrons are kept in China's treasured island, Taiwan. In addition to these two pieces, chariot decorations, leather armor and shields as well as large numbers of bronze spearheads, helmets and ge-dagger-axes were important cultural relics discovered in this tomb. Consequently this tomb is one of the most important discoveries in the history of Shang archaeology, and at the same time has also sparked new trends in the study of Shang culture.

十三、M1001大墓 在王陵遺址大墓中，最具代表性的是M1001。

M1001位于王陵遺址西區(qū)東部，有4條墓道。墓室平面呈“亞”字形，南北長18.9米，東西寬21.3米，墓口至墓底深10.5米。4條墓道呈坡狀，其東、西、南、北分別長14.3米、11米 、30.7米、19.5米。墓底由92塊長2-4米的巨型柏木板鋪底、四壁由巨型木板筑成，最大者長達(dá)6米。這些巨型木板皆涂朱，雕刻花紋，鑲嵌獸牙，奢華考究。墓內(nèi)外的殉人及人牲多達(dá)225人，并出土了青銅禮器、玉石器、白陶及金葉等大量制作極為精美的隨葬品。M1001是殷墟王陵遺址中時(shí)代較早的墓葬，被認(rèn)為是商王武丁的陵墓。

Among the large tombs in the Royal Cemetery site, the leading example is tomb number 1001. Tomb 1001 is located on the eastern side of the western zone. It has four tomb ramps, and the tomb pit is shaped like a cross. From north to south it measures 18.9 meters long, and from east to west it is 21.3 meters wide. From the tomb opening to the bottom, it is 10.5 meters. The four tomb ramps are sloped, with the eastern, western, southern, and northern ramps measuring 14.3 meters, 11 meters, 30.7 meters, Shang king Wu Ding's tomb.

(結(jié)束語)商代王家陵園的發(fā)現(xiàn)與研究，讓我們了解到當(dāng)年王陵大墓的規(guī)模和葬俗，隨葬品的數(shù)量與組合，人牲和人殉制度等一系列內(nèi)容，證實(shí)這里是目前我國已知最早最完整的王陵遺址。并且證明商代已經(jīng)進(jìn)入奴隸社會(huì)，最重要的是商代已經(jīng)擁有十分強(qiáng)大的國力，否則不會(huì)有這么龐大的陵墓群，鑄造這么精美的器物。3000多年前的商代是如此繁華，現(xiàn)在我們的家鄉(xiāng)安陽，也不遜色，在市委、市政府的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，我市經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)名列全省前茅，特別是隨著“一申四創(chuàng)”的開展，帶動(dòng)了我市文物保護(hù)事業(yè)的發(fā)展，逐步向豫北區(qū)域性中心城市的目標(biāo)邁進(jìn)。悠悠歷史帶給我們無盡的遐想，展望明天，古都安陽將會(huì)更加美好!

Discovery and study of the Shang royal clan's graveyard has allowed us to find out the scope and burial practices of the Royal Cemetery. It has also led us to find out about the makeup and numbers of burial articles, as well as the systems of human live burial and sacrifice. These all verify that this place is indeed China's earliest known intact royal cemetery site. Moreover, it proves that the Shang dynasty had already developed into a slave society. Most importantly it shows that the Shang dynasty had already acquired truly powerful national strength. Otherwise how could it have constructed such immense tombs or created such exquisite artifacts? Three thousand years ago, the Shang dynasty was flourishing. Our town of Anyang is by no means inferior. Under the leadership of the Party and municipal governments, Anyang's economy ranks among the top in the entire province. Anyang's diverse economic development has driven the expansion of the efforts to safeguard local cultural relics, and step by step we strive towards the goal of becoming the central metropolis of northern Henan. History gives us a long record of success. Looking to tomorrow and the future, we see that the ancient capital, Anyang, will become even better.

王陵遺址的講解到此結(jié)束，謝謝! This concludes the tour of the Royal Cemetery site. Thank you!

translated by Billy French

傅比利翻譯