優(yōu)化學(xué)習(xí)的八五黃金定律

Educators and educational scholars have long recognized that there is something of a “sweet spot” when it comes to learning. That is, we learn best when we are challenged to grasp something just outside the bounds of our existing knowledge. When a challenge is too simple, we don’t learn anything new; likewise, we don’t enhance our knowledge when a challenge is so difficult that we fail entirely or give up.

教育工作者與教育界學(xué)者早有共識(shí)：學(xué)習(xí)也講究“最佳擊球點(diǎn)”(高爾夫球、網(wǎng)球等運(yùn)動(dòng)中球桿或球拍上的最有效擊球點(diǎn)，也稱甜點(diǎn)或甜蜜區(qū)——本網(wǎng)注)。即在需要掌握剛好超出現(xiàn)有知識(shí)面的東西時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)效果最佳。如果挑戰(zhàn)過(guò)于輕松，我們就學(xué)不到新東西;如果挑戰(zhàn)難度過(guò)高，我們完全應(yīng)對(duì)不了乃至放棄應(yīng)對(duì)，那就同樣無(wú)法拓寬知識(shí)面。

So where does the sweet spot lie? According to the new study, to be published in the journal Nature Communications, it’s when failure occurs 15% of the time. Put another way, it’s when the right answer is given 85% of the time.

那么，“最佳擊球點(diǎn)”究竟在哪里?《自然·通訊》將刊登的最新研究顯示，15%的失敗率是學(xué)習(xí)的最優(yōu)難度。換句話說(shuō)，能夠回答出來(lái)的部分應(yīng)在挑戰(zhàn)中占85%的比例。

“These ideas that were out there in the education field – that there is this ‘zone of proximal difficulty,’ in which you ought to be maximizing your learning – we’ve put that on a mathematical footing,” said UArizona assistant professor of psychology and cognitive science Robert Wilson, lead author of the study, titled “The Eighty Five Percent Rule for Optimal Learning.”

這篇研究論文題目為《最優(yōu)學(xué)習(xí)方法的八五定律》。論文第一作者、亞利桑那大學(xué)心理與認(rèn)知科學(xué)助理教授羅伯特·威爾遜說(shuō)：“教育界流行觀念認(rèn)為存在‘中等難度區(qū)’，在這一區(qū)間內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)，效率最高。我們用數(shù)學(xué)方法進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。”

Wilson and his collaborators at Brown University, the University of California, Los Angeles and Princeton came up with the so-called “85% Rule” after conducting a series of machine-learning experiments in which they taught computers simple tasks, such as classifying different patterns into one of two categories or classifying photographs of handwritten digits as odd versus even numbers, or low versus high numbers.

威爾遜與布朗大學(xué)、加利福尼亞大學(xué)洛杉磯分校、普林斯頓大學(xué)的研究人員合作做了一連串機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)驗(yàn)，提出所謂的“八五定律”。他們教計(jì)算機(jī)完成一些簡(jiǎn)單任務(wù)，例如，把不同的圖形分為兩類，或者把手寫(xiě)數(shù)字的照片按照數(shù)字的奇偶或大小加以分類。

The computers learned fastest in situations in which the difficulty was such that they responded with 85% accuracy.

當(dāng)研究人員設(shè)計(jì)的難度讓計(jì)算機(jī)回答的準(zhǔn)確率為85%時(shí)，它們學(xué)得最快。

“If you have an error rate of 15% or accuracy of 85%, you are always maximizing your rate of learning in these two-choice tasks,” Wilson said.

威爾遜說(shuō)：“在二選一這類任務(wù)中，錯(cuò)誤率為15%或者說(shuō)準(zhǔn)確率為85%時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)效率就總是達(dá)到最高。”

When researchers looked at previous studies of animal learning, they found that the 85% Rule held true in those instances as well, Wilson said.

威爾遜說(shuō)，他們隨后考察了以往的動(dòng)物學(xué)習(xí)研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)“八五定律”同樣適用。

When we think about how humans learn, the 85% Rule would mostly likely apply to perceptual learning, in which we gradually learn through experience and examples, Wilson said. Imagine, for instance,a radiologist learning to tell the difference between images of tumors and non-tumors.

威爾遜說(shuō)，想想人類的學(xué)習(xí)特點(diǎn)，通?？赡軙?huì)適用八五定律的大概是知覺(jué)學(xué)習(xí)，它是依靠積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)和案例的逐步學(xué)習(xí)。例如，設(shè)想放射科醫(yī)生學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)分腫瘤影像與非腫瘤影像。

“You get better at figuring out there’s a tumor in an image over time, and you need experience and you need examples to get better,” Wilson said. “I can imagine giving easy examples and giving difficult examples and giving intermediate examples. If I give really easy examples, you get 100% right all the time and there’s nothing left to learn. If I give really hard examples, you’ll be 50% correct and still not learning anything new, whereas if I give you something in between, you can be at this sweet spot where you are getting the most information from each particular example.”

威爾遜說(shuō)：“識(shí)別腫瘤影像是一件日積月累、越來(lái)越拿手的事情，需要經(jīng)驗(yàn)，也需要案例。設(shè)想有三類案例，分別是簡(jiǎn)單案例、高難度案例和中等難度案例。假如案例非常簡(jiǎn)單，你永遠(yuǎn)全部答對(duì)，那就沒(méi)有什么可學(xué)的。假如案例難度極高，你只答對(duì)一半，那同樣學(xué)不到新東西;但如果難度介于兩者之間，那你就會(huì)處于‘最佳擊球點(diǎn)’，從每一個(gè)案例中學(xué)到的東西最多。”

Since Wilson and his collaborators were looking only at simple tasks in which there was a clear correct and incorrect answer, Wilson won’t go so far as to say that students should aim for a B average in school. However, he does think there might be some lessons for education that are worth further exploration.

由于這次只是研究對(duì)錯(cuò)分明的簡(jiǎn)單任務(wù)，威爾遜并不就此認(rèn)為學(xué)生應(yīng)以平均拿到“良”作為學(xué)業(yè)目標(biāo)。不過(guò)他確實(shí)認(rèn)為，這項(xiàng)研究對(duì)教育或有啟發(fā)，值得深入探討。

“If you are taking classes that are too easy and acing them all the time, then you probably aren’t getting as much out of a class as someone who’s struggling but managing to keep up,” he said. “The hope is we can expand this work and start to talk about more complicated forms of learning.”

他說(shuō)：“如果課程內(nèi)容過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單，你總能取得好成績(jī)，那么你在這門(mén)課上的收獲多半反而不及學(xué)業(yè)吃力但勉強(qiáng)跟得上的學(xué)生。我們希望擴(kuò)展這項(xiàng)工作，著手研究復(fù)雜一些的學(xué)習(xí)形式。”