托福寫作備考高分技巧揭秘（二）

作為一種語(yǔ)言測(cè)試方式， 托福考試的重點(diǎn)是檢測(cè)考生的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言水平，如何寫出正確流暢的語(yǔ)言是得到托福寫作單項(xiàng)高分的必備條件。那么如何才能得到閱讀高分呢?下面給大家揭秘托福獨(dú)立寫作的高分技巧。

托福獨(dú)立寫作部分對(duì)于我們寫作的總體要求是consistent facility in the use of language(語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用的和諧流暢)，給我們的具體建議是a variety of sentence structures(句子結(jié)構(gòu)多樣)和word choice should be appropriate(措辭貼切得體)，評(píng)分者的審查角度是lexical or grammar errors(詞匯和語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤)以及the complexity of sentence structures(句子結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜程度)和the quality and complexity of your vocabulary(考生所使用的詞匯的質(zhì)量和復(fù)雜程度)。接下來分別先從語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤、措辭和句子結(jié)構(gòu)三個(gè)方面來探討備考過程中應(yīng)該注意的事項(xiàng)：

接上期，本期從the quality and complexity of your vocabulary開始：

既然OG中要求我們word choice should be appropriate(措辭貼切得體)，如何才能做到呢?這里大多數(shù)同學(xué)都有一個(gè)誤解，認(rèn)為quality and complexity of your vocabulary指的就是大量使用TOEFL甚至GRE的詞匯，當(dāng)然，這些詞匯如果使用的正確固然是好的，但對(duì)于大多數(shù)同學(xué)來說，很多TOEFL/GRE詞匯大家僅僅是認(rèn)識(shí)，對(duì)于它們的搭配和感情色彩并不是很清楚，往往會(huì)鬧出"今天我含笑九泉"、"我們的班長(zhǎng)凡事都首當(dāng)其沖"之類的笑話。

在托福獨(dú)立寫作中什么樣的詞匯才是appropriate或者說能到的一定的quality and complexity呢?在托福的評(píng)卷中，raters一方面會(huì)考慮同學(xué)們所使用的詞匯的長(zhǎng)度和復(fù)雜度，一方面會(huì)把考試文章中所使用的詞匯表達(dá)與語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中不同等級(jí)的文章進(jìn)行比較，從而大致判定我們的文字語(yǔ)言水平。因此，平時(shí)多去積累高分范文中的表達(dá)對(duì)于我們提升自己的語(yǔ)言很大的幫助。

最后是the complexity of sentence structures：

OG中要求做到句子結(jié)構(gòu)多樣，那么在保證句子表達(dá)正確性的基礎(chǔ)上適當(dāng)去變換句型就可以了。在這里很多同學(xué)又有誤解，認(rèn)為句子結(jié)構(gòu)多樣指的就是寫長(zhǎng)難句，但是濫用從句往往會(huì)使得語(yǔ)言變得啰嗦。我們通過對(duì)于獨(dú)立寫作高分范文的文本進(jìn)行分析，可以總結(jié)出在高分范文中常見的句式有：

(1)并列句(包括平行結(jié)構(gòu)，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等句式)

Junk food may cause a person to develop diabetes, to have heart disease, and to gain weight.

The mass media neither gives us the necessary information, nor does it tell us the truth.

(2)從句(包括名詞性從句、形容詞性從句、副詞性從句)

What kind of person you wish to become is more important than what kind of job you will have.

No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

(3)插入語(yǔ)

After-hours study, if properly managed, holds the key to success in the 21st century.

College students, lacking social experience, are easily cheated.

(4)句子強(qiáng)調(diào)(包括強(qiáng)調(diào)句式、倒裝句式、否定句式等)

Only when the heavy and frequent exposure to television is restricted or regulated will the adolescents' life, both bodily and spiritually, be guaranteed.

(5)修飾性問句

If there were no Internet, how could people get various information immediately?

(6)分詞

Tourism, which is a rising industry, has become the major source of economy, playing crucial role in many Asian countries.

在寫作中，短句能夠給人留下比較深刻的印象，比較適合用來表達(dá)觀點(diǎn);而長(zhǎng)句善于表達(dá)非常復(fù)雜的邏輯關(guān)系，比較適合用來解釋不同現(xiàn)象間的關(guān)系。由于長(zhǎng)句和短句的不同功能，在托福寫作中，我們常用短句來表達(dá)關(guān)鍵信息，尤其是引言段中的thesis statement和正文段的topic sentence，用長(zhǎng)句來描述引言段中的背景信息和對(duì)正文段的topic sentence進(jìn)行拓展。如果我們能做到這一點(diǎn)，文章中就會(huì)有長(zhǎng)短句交替出現(xiàn)，避免枯燥乏味的問題。比如下面這個(gè)段落中，作者就用一個(gè)短句表達(dá)主題思想，然后用了幾個(gè)長(zhǎng)句來解釋這個(gè)思想。

Children in modern society become more difficult to understand than 50 years ago. Children acquire a lot more new information and ideas from various resources, such as mass media and the Internet, while their parents always cannot accept those ideas, because they always have a stereotyped mind and are reluctant to take novel concepts. Therefore, generation gap becomes huger between parents and children in modern society, which impedes the communication between parents and the children.

最后，我們要注意語(yǔ)言的銜接。高質(zhì)量的文章要求行文流暢，各部分的起承轉(zhuǎn)合不能有生澀之感，而銜接的主要目的是把文章里的各種內(nèi)容有機(jī)地連接起來，使其成為一個(gè)整體，幫助讀者更加清楚、準(zhǔn)確地判斷各部分之間的關(guān)系，更好地把握全文。這就像蓋房子時(shí)在擺放整齊的磚塊之間加上水泥，使之更為牢固。這一點(diǎn)在托福獨(dú)立寫作評(píng)分維度中的Organization中也有強(qiáng)調(diào)。最簡(jiǎn)單的方法就是使用過渡詞來實(shí)現(xiàn)上下文的銜接。學(xué)生可以使用英語(yǔ)中一些常見的過渡詞來實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言上的銜接：

(1)增補(bǔ)(Addition)

in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what`s more, similarly, next, finally.

(2)比較(Comparison)

in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, just as, in comparison, Compared with…, …, comparing with,

(3)對(duì)照(Contrast)

whereas, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, while

(4)因果(Cause and effect)

because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus, given that

(5)強(qiáng)調(diào)(Emphasis)

certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely

(6)讓步(Concession)

although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....

(7)例證(Exemplification)

for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration. One apt illustration of this point involves…

(8)總結(jié)(Conclusion)

to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary

(9)當(dāng)說到…時(shí)：

as of, when it comes to, concerning, when talking about, as far as,

時(shí)間和空間(Time and space)

afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyond, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of

當(dāng)然，英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的使用更多的來自于同學(xué)們?nèi)粘５姆e累。背誦單詞并多讀范文對(duì)于托福寫作語(yǔ)言的準(zhǔn)確使用有著很大的意思。