托福寫(xiě)作備考高分技巧揭秘（一）

作為一種語(yǔ)言測(cè)試方式， 托?？荚嚨闹攸c(diǎn)是檢測(cè)考生的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言水平，如何寫(xiě)出正確流暢的語(yǔ)言是得到托福寫(xiě)作單項(xiàng)高分的必備條件。那么如何才能得到閱讀高分呢?下面給大家揭秘托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的高分技巧。

在TOEFL iBT Official Guide(托福官方指南，以下簡(jiǎn)稱OG)中明確指出托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作有三大考查維度：Development(展開(kāi)論點(diǎn))，Organization(組織文章結(jié)構(gòu))和Language Use(語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用)。因此，除了注意作文的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)外，閱卷老師同樣十分注重我們?cè)谧魑闹斜憩F(xiàn)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言基本功。

托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作部分對(duì)于我們寫(xiě)作的總體要求是consistent facility in the use of language(語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用的和諧流暢)，給我們的具體建議是a variety of sentence structures(句子結(jié)構(gòu)多樣)和word choice should be appropriate(措辭貼切得體)，評(píng)分者的審查角度是lexical or grammar errors(詞匯和語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤)以及the complexity of sentence structures(句子結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜程度)和the quality and complexity of your vocabulary(考生所使用的詞匯的質(zhì)量和復(fù)雜程度)。接下來(lái)李盛老師分別先從語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤、措辭和句子結(jié)構(gòu)三個(gè)方面來(lái)探討備考過(guò)程中應(yīng)該注意的事項(xiàng)：

首先是lexical or grammar errors：

任何一種語(yǔ)言考試都強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性，在2010年1月之后，ETS在獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作部分中加入了e-rater的評(píng)分模式。電腦系統(tǒng)評(píng)分無(wú)疑對(duì)考生的語(yǔ)法詞匯表達(dá)的正確性提出了更高的要求。在2009年1月份ETS發(fā)布的Evaluating the Construct -Coverage of the e-rater? Scoring Engine中，明確指出e-Rater會(huì)關(guān)注的四大語(yǔ)言層面：Grammar(Proofread this, Ill-formed Verbs, Pronoun Errors, Possessive Errors, Wrong or Missing Words, Sentence Structure包括：Fragments, Run-ons, Garbled Sentences, Subject-verb agreement), Usage(Article Errors, Confused Words, Incorrect Word Forms, Faulty Comparisons, Nonstandard verbs or word forms), Mechanics(Spelling, Capitalization包括Proper Nouns和Sentence-Initial, Punctuation包括Missing Question Marks, Missing Final Punctuation, Missing Comma or Apostrophe和Hyphen Error, Fused Words, Compound Words, Duplicated Words)和Style(Repetition of Words, Inappropriate Words or Phrases, Too Many Sentences Beginning with Conjunction, Too Many Short Sentences, Too Many Long Sentences, Passive Voice)，換句話說(shuō)，我們要在獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作中避免出現(xiàn)以上的常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤，這就需要同學(xué)們?cè)谄綍r(shí)練習(xí)中注意語(yǔ)法的積累。在這里簡(jiǎn)單列舉同學(xué)們?cè)趯?xiě)作句子層面上經(jīng)常犯的錯(cuò)誤：

(1)粘連句(Run-ons sentence)

Run-ons sentence指一句話中包含兩個(gè)或更多的意思，但這些意思之間沒(méi)有用恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)或缺乏連接詞等分隔開(kāi)，這往往由于寫(xiě)作者不熟悉英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法表達(dá)導(dǎo)致。如：

Students deserve more respect they are young adults.

I met an old man was standing by the street.

正確的表達(dá)可以是：

Students deserve more respect when/although they are young adults.

I met an old man who was standing by the street.

(2)逗號(hào)連接句(Comma splice)

Comma splice指用逗號(hào)連接兩個(gè)分句。在英語(yǔ)中，逗號(hào)只能表示語(yǔ)氣上的短暫停頓，不能表示兩個(gè)分句間的邏輯關(guān)系，如果一句話中有幾個(gè)分句，就常常使用連接詞。如：

We are out of money, we decide not to eat out on the weekend.

正確的表達(dá)可以是：

We are out of money, so we decide not to eat out on the weekend.

(3)不完整句(Sentence fragment)

Sentence fragment指那些看似一句話，但實(shí)際上只是一個(gè)句子的一部分結(jié)構(gòu)，往往缺少主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)等基本結(jié)構(gòu)，或是只有從句沒(méi)有主句。如：

Driving in the city during the evening rush hour.

Many people do not like living in big cities. Because the life is too busy there.

正確的表達(dá)可以是：

Driving in the city during the evening rush hour is dangerous.

Many people do not like living in big cities, because the life is too busy there.

(4)修飾語(yǔ)位置錯(cuò)誤(Misplaced modifier)

Misplaced modifier指的是被放錯(cuò)了位置的修飾語(yǔ)，這種句子不僅會(huì)拗口，而且可能引起歧義。如：

At the age of five, my father started to teach me piano.

He wants to quickly and easily finish the job.

正確的表達(dá)可以是：

My father started to teach me piano when I was five.

He wants to finish the job quickly and easily.

(5)并列結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤(Faulty parallelism)

Faulty parallelism指的是在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中所使用的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)不一致。如：

People should be judged not only by their words, but also by what they do.

正確的表達(dá)可以是：

People should be judged not only by their words, but also by their deeds.

(6)主從句錯(cuò)誤(Faulty subordination)

Faulty subordination 指的是本該放在主句中的內(nèi)容放到了從句中，從而使本該收到強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容并沒(méi)有受到強(qiáng)調(diào)。這種錯(cuò)誤對(duì)表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性上有很大的影響，但很多學(xué)生并沒(méi)有意識(shí)到這個(gè)問(wèn)題，這在thesis statement和主題句中尤為重要。如，在討論面試的問(wèn)題時(shí)，如果我們把thesis statement寫(xiě)成Interview, which can benefit the modern society a lot, is becoming increasingly popular，很明顯就沒(méi)有強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容。這句話應(yīng)該寫(xiě)成：Interview, which is becoming increasingly popular, can benefit the modern society a lot.