定語從句長難句分類解析

定語從句長難句分類解析

1. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　這種思想大約從20世紀(jì)80年代初開始盛行，在那時(shí)，陪審團(tuán)開始要求更多的公司對(duì)顧客的不幸承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　此句中逗號(hào)前面是主句，逗號(hào)后面的when引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句（when相當(dāng)于at that time），對(duì)the early 1980s進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明（注意非限制性定語從句?？刹捎梅肿g的方式翻譯）；從句中的liable for是形容詞短語作賓語more companies的補(bǔ)足語，即hold sb. liable for... “認(rèn)為某人應(yīng)對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)”。

【詞匯精記】 　or so 大約，大概；go的理解很靈活，可譯為“開始盛行”；hold（相當(dāng)于consider）認(rèn)為；be liable for... 對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)；customers' misfortunes 顧客的不幸。

2. Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________

【參考譯文】 　事實(shí)并非如此，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為在人權(quán)方面有著共同的認(rèn)識(shí)，然而這種共識(shí)根本不存在。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Actually, it isn't,//because it assumes that there is an agreed account (of human rights), ( which is something) (the world does not have).句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主從復(fù)合句“S＋V, because...”，即第一段是主句，第二段是原因狀語從句；主句isn't后面省略的詞應(yīng)該是so或true；原因狀語從句中的that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，作assumes的賓語（即賓語從句）；在賓語從句中，括號(hào)部分of human rights是account的后置定語，of此處意為“關(guān)于”（相當(dāng)于about）；逗號(hào)后的which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，也修飾先行詞account，對(duì)其進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明（同樣，在翻譯時(shí)采取分譯策略）：something后面是又一個(gè)定語從句the world does not have，省略了關(guān)系代詞that，修飾先行詞something。

【詞匯精記】 　assume 假設(shè)，認(rèn)為；account 敘述；an agreed account 一致的看法；human righ 人權(quán)。

3. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________

【參考譯文】 　希臘人認(rèn)為，語言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維過程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點(diǎn)在人們尚未認(rèn)識(shí)到語言的千差萬別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The Greeks assumed//that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, ( which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be). 第二段中，that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，作assumed的賓語（即賓語從句），表示觀點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，從句的主語是the structure of language，謂語是固定搭配had some connection with，賓語是the process of thought；在其后括號(hào)中，which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，； which指代的是前面that從句的內(nèi)容，而不是前面的某一名詞；在括號(hào)中，畫線的long before...是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句，修飾從句謂語took root。

【詞匯精記】 　assume 認(rèn)為，假設(shè)；have some connection with（相當(dāng)于have something to do with）和……有某種關(guān)系；the process of thought 思維過程；take root in 扎根于，根植于；long before 早在……以前；diverse 多樣化的。

4. He made a hole and peering through, could see jewellery, and other objects stacked in piles in the shadows that extended beyond the beam of light penetrating the interior.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________________

【參考譯文】 　他鑿了一個(gè)洞，透過這個(gè)洞他能夠看到珠寶，并且在透進(jìn)去的光線之外的陰影里面看到了成堆的其他東西。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　He made a hole and peering through , could see jewellery, and other objects (stacked in piles in the shadows) ( that extended beyond the beam of light) (penetrating the interior).主干為He made...and...could see...，即句子有兩個(gè)并列謂語；畫線的peering through是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作方式狀語，修飾could see，它分隔了兩個(gè)并列的謂語動(dòng)作；other objects和jewellery并列，都作could see的賓語；后面括號(hào)中stacked in piles in the shadows 是過去分詞短語作other objects的后置定語；再后面括號(hào)里的 that extended beyond...是定語從句修飾先行詞the shadows；penetrating the interior是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作the beam of light的后置定語；所以，句子后面三個(gè)括號(hào)部分屬層層修飾的關(guān)系，各為其前面相關(guān)名詞的后置定語。

【詞匯精記】 　make a hole 鑿了一個(gè)洞；peer through 透過某物看（此處through是副詞）；be stacked in piles 被堆積在一起；in the shadows 在陰影里；extend beyond... 范圍超出……；beam of light 光線，光柱；penetrate the interior 透進(jìn)內(nèi)部；penetrate 刺透，扎破。

5. Creating a "European identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.

【翻譯演練】 　________________________

【參考譯文】 　不同的文化和傳統(tǒng)把古老的歐洲大陸編織成一個(gè)彼此相連的整體，但打造一個(gè)尊重這些不同文化和傳統(tǒng)的“歐洲名片”絕非易事，需要人們做出戰(zhàn)略性的選擇。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Creating a "European identity" ( that respects the different cultures and traditions) ( which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent) is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.句子主干是Creating a "European identity"...is...and demands...；Creating...是動(dòng)名詞短語作主語，is和demands并列作其謂語動(dòng)詞；但整個(gè)主語部分較長，由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞“European identity”；不僅如此，在that引導(dǎo)的定語從句中又由which引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)定語從句修飾先行詞cultures and traditions。

【詞匯精記】 　European identity 歐洲身份，歐洲品牌，歐洲名片；make up 組成；fabric 構(gòu)造物，織物；the connecting fabric 彼此相連的整體；the Old Continent 古老大陸；a strategic choice 戰(zhàn)略性的選擇。

6. Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________

【參考譯文】 　Pearson匯集世界各地?cái)?shù)百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的技術(shù)千年歷，它列出了人們有望看到的數(shù)百項(xiàng)重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的最近日期。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world,//to produce a unique millennium technology calendar ( that gives the latest dates) ( when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place ).第一段是主句，Pearson是主語，has pieced together是謂語，the work是賓語，后面of hundreds of researchers是賓語的后置定語，around the world則是其前面researchers的后置定語；第二段中的to produce...是不定式短語作結(jié)果狀語，表示“has pieced together”的結(jié)果；calendar后面的that...是定語從句，修飾先行詞calender；在句末括號(hào)中，when引導(dǎo)的也是定語從句，它修飾先行詞dates，此從句中主語是we，謂語是can expect，賓語是breakthroughs and discoveries，畫線部分to take place則是賓語的補(bǔ)足語（expect sb. to do sth .），斜體部位hundreds of和key是賓語的修飾語。

【詞匯精記】 　piece together 匯集，綜合；produce 生產(chǎn)，引申為“編制”；unique 獨(dú)一無二的；a unique millennium technology calendar 一個(gè)獨(dú)特的技術(shù)千年歷；millennium 一千年；the latest dates 最近日期；key 關(guān)鍵的；breakthrough 突破；take place 發(fā)生。

7. But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________________

【參考譯文】 　Pearson指出，這個(gè)突破僅僅是人機(jī)一體化的開始：它是人機(jī)一體化漫長之路的第一步，最終人們會(huì)在下世紀(jì)末之前研制出真正的電子人。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: //It will be the beginning (of the long process of integration ) ( that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century ).第一段是句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)：But that...is only the start...，主語是that，謂語是系動(dòng)詞is，表語是the start of man-machine integration，兩個(gè)逗號(hào)中間的Pearson points out是插入語；第二段冒號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容對(duì)前面信息作進(jìn)一步解釋說明，其中括號(hào)部分of引導(dǎo)的介詞短語作前面beginning后置定語；句末括號(hào)中that will ultimately lead to...是前面process of integration的定語從句；在此定語從句里，畫線的before...部分是時(shí)間狀語，表示will lead to...發(fā)生的時(shí)間。

【詞匯精記】 　point out 指出；breakthrough 突破；integration 成為一體，完整；man-machine integration 人機(jī)一體化；process 過程；a fully electronic human 真正的電子人；ultimately 最終。

8. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________

【參考譯文】 　由于個(gè)人傷害索賠案繼續(xù)像以往那樣在發(fā)生，一些法庭開始轉(zhuǎn)而支持被告，尤其是在警示標(biāo)簽很可能也無濟(jì)于事的案件當(dāng)中。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　As personal injury claims continue as before ,//some courts are beginning to side with defendants,//especially in cases ( where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything).第二段是句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)，其中some courts是主語，are beginning to side with是謂語（復(fù)合謂語），defendants是賓語；而第一段畫線部分則是As引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，表示謂語are beginning發(fā)生的原因，其中斜體的as before是比較狀語修飾從句的謂語continue；第三段中，especially in cases是范圍狀語，修飾to side with...；句末括號(hào)中的where引導(dǎo)定語從句（相當(dāng)于in which），修飾先行詞cases。

【詞匯精記】 　personal 個(gè)人的；injury 傷害，受傷；claim 索賠，要求；court 法院，法庭；side with 支持；defendant 被告；a warning label 警示標(biāo)簽；case 案件。

9. I have known very few writers, but those I have known, and whom I respect, confess at once that they have little idea where they are going.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________

【參考譯文】 　我所認(rèn)識(shí)的作家寥寥無幾，然而凡是我所認(rèn)識(shí)和尊敬的作家，都會(huì)立即承認(rèn)自己也不清楚最終會(huì)寫到哪里。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　I have known very few writers,//but those (I have known, and whom I respect), confess at once that they have little idea (where they are going).本句是由but連接的并列句，主干是I have known..., but those...confess that...；第一段是簡單句；在第二段中，主語是those，謂語是confess，賓語是畫線部分that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句（即賓語從句）； 括號(hào)中的I have known, and whom I respect是并列定語從句，修飾先行詞those，并且I have known前面省略了關(guān)系代詞that或whom；句末括號(hào)中where引導(dǎo)的從句則是其前面idea的同位語從句，對(duì)其內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋。

【詞匯精記】 　confess 承認(rèn)；have little idea 幾乎一無所知。

10. Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________________

【參考譯文】 　Tylor把文化定義為“一個(gè)復(fù)雜的整體，它包括信仰、藝術(shù)、道德、法律、風(fēng)俗以及人作為社會(huì)成員所獲得的其他任何能力和習(xí)慣。”

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole ( which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits ) (acquired by man as a member of society )."句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole..."，后面括號(hào)部分是which引導(dǎo)的定語從句：其主語是which，謂語是includes，其后面斜體部分則是多重并列賓語；再后面的括號(hào)中acquired by...是過去分詞短語作前面capabilities and habits的后置定語，而句末的畫線部分as...則是介詞短語作其前面man的后置定語。

【詞匯精記】 　define...as... 把……定義為；complex 復(fù)雜的；that complex whole 一個(gè)復(fù)雜的整體；capability 能力；acquire 獲得；belief 信仰；moral 道德；custom 風(fēng)俗。

11. In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration.

【翻譯演練】 　 ___________________________

【參考譯文】 　首先，任何科學(xué)研究都要求人們對(duì)所選擇的考察對(duì)象不能厚此薄彼。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another (of the items) (in the series) ( it selects for its consideration ).此句話的主語是any scientific study，謂語是requires，賓語是that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句（即賓語從句）；在that賓語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞be用虛擬語氣原形（因主句謂語動(dòng)詞是requires）；此外，這部分修飾語較繁雜：of the items是介詞短語作后置定語修飾one or another；in the series又作后置定語修飾items；而在series后面是一個(gè)省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語從句，對(duì)先行詞series進(jìn)行修飾，在此定語從句中，畫線的介詞短語for...是selects的目的狀語。

【詞匯精記】 　preferential 偏愛的；weight 加重量于……，側(cè)重；There is no preferential weighting of sth. 絕沒有對(duì)……偏愛／偏重；item 項(xiàng)目，組成部分；one or another of the items in the series 系列組成部分中的某一個(gè)；select... for consideration 選擇……來考慮。

12. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbor's superstition.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　首先我們要讓自己成熟一點(diǎn)，即不再拿自己的信仰和鄰居的迷信針鋒相對(duì)。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication ( where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbor's superstition).It是形式主語，真正的主語是畫線部分，即不定式短語first to arrive...；句末括號(hào)中where引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞that degree of sophistication。

【詞匯精記】 　degree of sophistication 復(fù)雜／先進(jìn)程度；set A against B 把A和B對(duì)立起來／進(jìn)行比較；superstition 迷信。

13. In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________

【參考譯文】 　比如說，我們所有天文學(xué)規(guī)律和群居昆蟲生活習(xí)性的知識(shí)，都是通過這種方式獲得的。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　In this way, we have learned all ( that we know of the laws of astronomy , or of the habits of the social insects ),//let us say.句子的主語是we，謂語是have learned，賓語是all，其后括號(hào)里是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞all（ 以all為代表的不定代詞，其定語從句引導(dǎo)詞只能用關(guān)系代詞that，不能用which）；在定語從句里，兩個(gè)畫線部分of the laws of astronomy和of the habits of the social insects是并列的關(guān)系，共同作know的范圍狀語（ 這里的兩個(gè)of都是“about”的意思）；最后，let us say是插入語。

【詞匯精記】 　in this way 通過這種方式；learn 得知，習(xí)得；the laws of astronomy 天文學(xué)規(guī)律；social insects 群居昆蟲；social 群居的（動(dòng)物），社交的（人）；let us say 比如說。

14. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.

【翻譯演練】 　________________________

【參考譯文】 　一些公司只與那些被允許進(jìn)入公司內(nèi)部網(wǎng)絡(luò)的老客戶進(jìn)行交易，通過這種方式來減少風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Some companies are limiting the risk//by conducting online transactions only with established business partners ( who are given access to the company's private intranet).第一段是句子主干；by conducting...是句子謂語are limiting的方式狀語，who are...是定語從句，修飾先行詞business partners。

【詞匯精記】 　limit the risk by doing 通過做某事來降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；conduct 做，實(shí)施，傳導(dǎo)；transaction 交易；conduct transactions with 和某人進(jìn)行交易；established 固定的；business partner 生意客戶；give sb. access to 允許某人進(jìn)入；private intranet 內(nèi)部網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

15. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________

【參考譯文】 　在談到這個(gè)問題的作家中，幾乎沒有人探討過這種區(qū)別，或者準(zhǔn)確地說，這種矛盾。這個(gè)矛盾直指把電腦引入課堂這一問題的核心。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Very few writers (on the subject) have explored this distinction//—indeed, contradiction—( which goes to the heart) (of what is wrong with the campaign ) to put computers in the classroom .第一段是句子的主干：主語是Very few writers，謂語是have explored，賓語是this distinction，括號(hào)中的介詞短語on the subject是writers的后置定語；雙破折號(hào)中間的indeed，contradiction是插入語，which goes...是定語從句修飾先行詞this distinction，緊隨其后的介詞短語of...是heart的后置定語，畫線部分是what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作介詞of的賓語（即賓語從句）；句末斜體部分是不定式短語作前面the campaign的后置定語。

【詞匯精記】 　on the subject 關(guān)于這一主題；explore 探索，探究；distinction 差異；go to the heart of 涉及……的本質(zhì)；what is wrong with sth. 某事／物的問題；campaign 運(yùn)動(dòng)。

16. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________

【參考譯文】 　此外，像我們這樣的大國，經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)遍及各州又涉及眾多的跨國公司，這樣做很難培養(yǎng)出所需要的各類專業(yè)人士。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number (of every kind of professional) in a country (as large as ours) and ( where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations).此句主語是this，謂語是is unlikely to produce，賓語是the needed number，其后面的of every kind of professional是賓語的后置定語，畫線的in a country是此句的地點(diǎn)狀語；難點(diǎn)在于形容詞短語as large as ours和where引導(dǎo)的定語從句是并列關(guān)系，由and連接共同修飾先行詞a country，造成了修飾成分較繁雜的現(xiàn)象；在where引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞是is spread和involves，它們是并列關(guān)系，共同作the economy的謂語。

【詞匯精記】 　besides 除此以外；be unlikely to do 不可能做；produce 培養(yǎng)，提供；professional 專業(yè)的，專業(yè)人士；over so many states 遍及／覆蓋如此多的州；involve 涉及，包括。

17. New ways of organizing the workplace—all that re-engineering and downsizing—are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________

【參考譯文】 　一些有關(guān)工作場所組織方面的新方法，即工程重組和降低規(guī)模，僅僅是促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)綜合生產(chǎn)率的一個(gè)方面；許多其他因素，諸如設(shè)備和機(jī)器方面的投資、新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用以及教育和培訓(xùn)上的投資都促進(jìn)了綜合生產(chǎn)率的提高。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　New ways (of organizing the workplace)—(all that re-engineering and downsizing)—are only one contribution (to the overall productivity of an economy ), ( which is driven by many other factors) (such as joint investment in equipment and machinery , new technology , and investment in education and training ).此句的主語是New ways，謂語是系動(dòng)詞are，表語是one contribution，介詞短語of organizing the workplace是主語的后置定語，破折號(hào)中間的部分是插入語；one contribution后面的不定式短語是其后置定語，which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句對(duì)其先行詞the overall productivity of an economy作補(bǔ)充說明；such as是介詞短語作后置定語修飾factors，但要注意該介詞短語后面有三個(gè)并列的名詞短語：joint investment in equipment and machinery ，new technology，and investment in education and training ，其中的斜體部分是各自前面相關(guān)名詞的后置定語。

【詞匯精記】 　workplace 工作場所；engineering 工程（學(xué)）；downsize 降低規(guī)模；one contribution to... 一個(gè)對(duì)于……的貢獻(xiàn)；overall 全面的，綜合的；productivity 生產(chǎn)率；joint 聯(lián)合的；investment 投資；equipment and machinery 設(shè)備和機(jī)械；training 培訓(xùn)。

18. They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________

【參考譯文】 　他們只在一方面是共同的，即往往會(huì)去騷擾或威脅那些自認(rèn)為是更開明的人。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　They have in common only one thing (that they tend to annoy or threaten those) ( who regard themselves as more enlightened).此句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：They have only one thing...in common；one thing是謂語動(dòng)詞have的賓語，因后面帶較長的that同位語從句，出于句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡的考慮，被后置；所以，in common在形式上割裂了動(dòng)詞和賓語的關(guān)系；句末括號(hào)中是who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞those，此從句中的as more enlightened和前面的regarded構(gòu)成搭配，作themselves的賓語補(bǔ)足語。

【詞匯精記】 　have sth. in common 有共同的……；tend to... 往往會(huì)……；annoy 激怒；threaten 威脅；enlightened 開明的。

19. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________________

【參考譯文】 　相互吻合的海岸線和雖大洋相隔但兩岸某些相似的地質(zhì)特征都會(huì)使人想起兩個(gè)大陸曾經(jīng)在此連在一起。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The complementary coastlines and certain geological features ( that seem to span the ocean) are reminders (of where the two continents were once joined ).句子的主語是The...coastlines and...features，謂語動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞are，表語是reminders；that seem...是定語從句修飾先行詞features，句末括號(hào)中的介詞短語of...是reminders的后置定語，在of后面是where引導(dǎo)的名詞從句作介詞of的賓語（即賓語從句）。

【詞匯精記】 　complementary 補(bǔ)充的，補(bǔ)足的；coastline 海岸線；certain 特定的；geological features 地質(zhì)（理）特征；span 橫跨，跨過；reminder 提醒物；join 連接；continent 大陸。

20. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________

【參考譯文】 　我們生活在一個(gè)醫(yī)療和社交上廣泛使用各種物質(zhì)（麻醉品）的社會(huì)：用阿司匹林緩解頭痛，喝酒促進(jìn)社交，清晨喝咖啡提神，抽煙刺激神經(jīng)等。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　We live in a society//( in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive): //an aspirin (to quiet a headache), some wine (to be sociable), coffee (to get going in the morning), a cigarette (for the nerves).第一段是句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)；第二段中in which引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞a society，此定語從句的主干是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)：the...use...is pervasive；第三段冒號(hào)后是四個(gè)名詞加后置定語組成的名詞短語，可視作是the...use of substances的同位語，對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋。

【詞匯精記】 　medicinal 醫(yī)療的；social 社交的；substance 物質(zhì)；drug 麻醉品，藥物；pervasive 廣泛的；quiet a headache 緩解頭痛；get going in the morning 在早晨變得精神。

21. Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.

【翻譯演練】 　 ________________________________

【參考譯文】 　事實(shí)上，有證據(jù)表明遺忘的快慢是和知識(shí)量的多少有直接關(guān)系的。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Indeed, there is evidence//that the rate ( at which individuals forget) is directly related to how much they have learned .第一段是句子主干；第二段是that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，解釋前面evidence的內(nèi)容，其中主語是the rate，謂語是is related to，賓語是特殊疑問詞how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句（即賓語從句）； 在此同位語從句中，主語the rate后面的at which individuals forget是定語從句，修飾先行詞rate（之所以用at which是因?yàn)閍t the rate of...這一搭配之故）。

【詞匯精記】 　evidence 證據(jù)；at the rate of 以……速度，速率；individual 個(gè)人；be directly related to 和……直接相關(guān)。

22. The American economic system is organized around a market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services they want most.

【翻譯演練】 　 __________________________________

【參考譯文】 　美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制基本上是以市場經(jīng)濟(jì)為中心建立起來的。在這種經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下，消費(fèi)者通過在市場上花錢購買他們最需要的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，很大程度上決定了產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The American economic system is organized around a market-oriented economy//( in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services ) ( they want most ).第一段是句子的主干：主語是The American economic system，謂語部分是is organized around，賓語是a market-oriented economy；第二段中in which引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞economy；在定語從句里，主語是consumers，謂語是determine，賓語是特殊疑問詞what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句（即賓語從句），by spending...則是介詞短語作方式狀語修飾謂語動(dòng)詞determine；斜體部分in the marketplace和for those goods and service是determine的地點(diǎn)狀語和目的狀語；句末括號(hào)中是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語從句，修飾先行詞goods and services。

【詞匯精記】 　economic system 經(jīng)濟(jì)體制；be organized around 以……為中心／基礎(chǔ)；market-oriented economy 市場經(jīng)濟(jì)；orient 面向，以……為方向；consumer 消費(fèi)者；largely 在很大程度上；determine 決定；marketplace 市場。

23. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　另一方面，如果增加產(chǎn)量導(dǎo)致成本降低，它將會(huì)使產(chǎn)銷商增加供給，隨之使得價(jià)格降低促使更多的消費(fèi)者購買商品。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost , this will tend to increase the supply (offered by seller-producers),//( which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product).第一段是本句主干，由一個(gè)條件狀語從句和主句構(gòu)成；狀語從句由if引導(dǎo)，從句主語是動(dòng)名詞短語producing more...，從句謂語動(dòng)詞是results in，從句賓語是reducing its cost，兩個(gè)逗號(hào)中間的on the other hand是插入語；在主句中，主語是this（指代前面從句內(nèi)容），謂語是will tend to increase，賓語是the supply，括號(hào)中offered by...是過去分詞短語作the supply的后置定語；第二段是which（指代主句內(nèi)容）引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，對(duì)前面的主句內(nèi)容作補(bǔ)充說明。

【詞匯精記】 　on the other hand 另一方面；commodity 商品；tend to 往往會(huì)；producing more of a commodity 生產(chǎn)更多的產(chǎn)品；result in 導(dǎo)致；reduce its cost 削減其成本；seller-producer 產(chǎn)銷者；in turn 輪流，依次地；consumer 消費(fèi)者；permit 允許。

24. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.

【翻譯演練】 　 _________________________

【參考譯文】 　改革家將尋求一些不同的道路，這些道路即使會(huì)走向死胡同，從長遠(yuǎn)來看卻更便捷，并且注定更有趣和富有挑戰(zhàn)性。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The innovator will search for alternate courses,//( which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends ).第一段是句子主干：The innovator是主語，will search for是謂語，賓語是alternate courses；第二段中which引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，對(duì)先行詞courses進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明；在該從句中有兩個(gè)并列謂語may prove和are bound to be；畫線部分的even if則引導(dǎo)了讓步狀語從句，加強(qiáng)謂語動(dòng)詞的語氣。

【詞匯精記】 　innovator 改良者，改革家；search for 尋求；alternate 替換的，輪流的；course 課程，（一道）菜，過程，航向，方向；in the long run 從長遠(yuǎn)來看；be bound to 注定；lead to 導(dǎo)致，通向；dead ends 死胡同；challenging 有挑戰(zhàn)性的。

25. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________

【參考譯文】 　這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國家的政府得出結(jié)論：政府向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　This trend began during the Second World War, ( when several governments came to the conclusion) that the specific demands ( that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment) cannot generally be foreseen in detail .此句主語是This trend，謂語動(dòng)詞是began，during the Second World War是時(shí)間狀語；括號(hào)中when引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，對(duì)先行詞the Second World War進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明；畫線的that從句是the conclusion的同位語從句；在同位語從句中，主語是the specific demands，其后括號(hào)中是that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞demands，謂語是cannot generally be foreseen，in detail是程度狀語；在that定語從句里，主語是a government，謂語是wants to make，賓語是關(guān)系代詞that（指代demands），后面的介詞短語of...是make的范圍狀語（即make demands of... 向……提出要求）。

【詞匯精記】 　trend 趨勢(shì)；come to the conclusion that... 得出結(jié)論認(rèn)為……；specific 具體的，明確的；demand 要求；make demands of 向……提出要求；scientific establishment 科研機(jī)構(gòu)；in detail 詳盡地；foresee 預(yù)見。

26. The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations.

【翻譯演練】 　______________________________

【參考譯文】 　科學(xué)研究方法只不過是對(duì)必要的人類思維運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)模式的表述，即對(duì)所有現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行推理并給予精確而嚴(yán)密解釋的思維模式。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The method (of scientific investigation) is nothing but the expression (of the necessary mode of working of the human mind);//it is simply the mode ( by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations).此句以分號(hào)為界，前后各一個(gè)分句；分句一的主干是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)：The method...is...the expression...，括號(hào)中的介詞短語of...皆是各自前面名詞的后置定語，畫線的nothing but相當(dāng)于only；分句二中，by which引導(dǎo)定語從句（之所以用介詞by，是因?yàn)閎y a mode是固定搭配，意為“通過某種方式”），并且須注意定語從句里的并列謂語are reasoned about and given...。

【詞匯精記】 　scientific investigation 科學(xué)研究／調(diào)查；nothing but（相當(dāng)于only/just）僅僅；the mode of working of the human mind 人類思維運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)模式；by this mode（相當(dāng)于by this means）通過這一方式；reason about 推理；precise 精確的；exact 確切的；explanation 解釋。

27. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison.

【翻譯演練】 　 __________________________

【參考譯文】 　既然智力的評(píng)估有其相對(duì)的一面，我們就一定要確保在比較對(duì)象時(shí)所用的尺度能提供一個(gè)“公平”“有效”的結(jié)果。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　句子可拆分如下：Now since the assessment (of intelligence) is a comparative matter //we must be sure that the scale ( with which we are comparing our subjects) provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison .第一段斜體部分是由since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，從句主語是the assessment，從句謂語是is，從句表語是a comparative matter；第二段是主句（主系表結(jié)構(gòu)），主語是we，謂語是must be，表語是sure，其后畫線部位是that引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)名詞性從句，作sure的賓語從句（即形容詞賓語從句，如be certain/confident/afraid that...）；此賓語從句主語是the scale，謂語動(dòng)詞是provides，賓語是a comparison（"valid" or "fair"是賓語的并列定語）；在that從句中，括號(hào)里with which引導(dǎo)定語從句對(duì)先行詞the scale進(jìn)行修飾說明（之所以用with＋which，是因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞搭配compare...with...）。

【詞匯精記】 　assessment 評(píng)估；intelligence 智力；comparative 相對(duì)的；matter 事情；compare...with... 把……和……進(jìn)行比較；valid 有效的；fair 公平的；comparison 比較；scale 尺度，規(guī)模，級(jí)別；subject 主題，科目，對(duì)象。

28. Carter's devotion to her ancestor is about more than personal pride: it is about family honor, for Henson has lived on through the character in American fiction that he helped inspire.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　Carter對(duì)自己祖先的摯愛不僅僅是出于一己之驕傲，更是出于家族榮譽(yù)。因?yàn)镠enson所激發(fā)的創(chuàng)作靈感使得一個(gè)美國小說人物得以問世，因此他本人至今仍為人所熟知。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Carter's devotion (to her ancestor) is about more than personal pride//: it is about family honor, for Henson has lived on through the character (in American fiction) ( that he helped inspire).第一段中，主語是Carter's devotion，括號(hào)中的介詞to短語是主語devotion的后置定語，謂語是系動(dòng)詞is，表語是personal pride，畫線部分more than表示程度，意為“不僅僅，比……更”；第二段冒號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容是對(duì)第一段意思的進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充，主干是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)：it is about family honor；后面畫線部分是for引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，其中主語是Henson，謂語是has lived on，through the character則是has lived on的方式狀語；最后，括號(hào)中的介詞in短語和括號(hào)中that引導(dǎo)的從句都是后置定語，共同對(duì)先行詞the character進(jìn)行修飾。

【詞匯精記】 　one's devotion to 對(duì)……的摯愛；ancestor 祖先；more than... 不僅僅……；personal pride 個(gè)人的驕傲；honor 榮譽(yù)；live on 繼續(xù)存在；fiction 小說；inspire 激發(fā)／引起……的靈感，鼓舞。

29. Silicon Valley is a magnet to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs from overseas flock in search of fame, fast money and to participate in a technological revolution whose impact on mankind will surely surpass the epoch-making European Renaissance and Industrial Revolution of the bygone age.

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________

【參考譯文】 　硅谷就像是一塊磁鐵，讓無數(shù)才華橫溢的海外工程師、科學(xué)家和企業(yè)家為了名利蜂擁而至；他們還有一個(gè)目的，就是參與這里的技術(shù)革命，因?yàn)榕c具有劃時(shí)代意義的歐洲文藝復(fù)興和已逝去的工業(yè)革命相比，它對(duì)人類的影響力無疑是有過之而無不及的。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Silicon Valley is a magnet// to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs (from overseas) flock (in search of fame, fast money) and (to participate in a technological revolution)// whose impact (on mankind) will surely surpass the epoch-making European Renaissance and Industrial Revolution (of the bygone age).第一段主系表結(jié)構(gòu)是句子的主干；第二段是由to which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，對(duì)先行詞magnet進(jìn)行修飾說明（之所以用to which，是因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞搭配flock to...，意為“涌向……”），在此從句中，主語是并列名詞短語engineers，scientists and entrepreneurs，其前面的numerous talented和后面的from overseas是其前、后置定語，謂語動(dòng)詞是flock，括號(hào)中的介詞in短語和不定式to短語是并列關(guān)系，共同作flock的目的狀語；第三段是whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句，主語是impact，謂語是will surely surpass，賓語是European Renaissance and Industrial Revolution，括號(hào)中的部分皆是各自前面相關(guān)名詞的后置定語。

【詞匯精記】 　Silicon Valley 硅谷；numerous 無數(shù)的；talented 有才華的；entrepreneur 企業(yè)家；overseas 海外的（地）；flock to 涌向；in search of 尋找；fame 名聲；participate (in) 參加；impact (on) 影響力；mankind 人類；surpass 超越，超過；epoch-making 具有劃時(shí)代意義的；European Renaissance 歐洲文藝復(fù)興；Industrial Revolution 工業(yè)革命；the bygone age 已逝去的時(shí)代。

30. The principle of making the best use of all we have requires that we stop the waste of human life in industry and prevent the waste of human welfare which flows from the unfair use of concentrated power and wealth in the hands of men whose eagerness for profit blinds them to the cost of what they do.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________________

【參考譯文】 　充分利用現(xiàn)有的一切，這一原則要求我們不要繼續(xù)把生命耗費(fèi)在工業(yè)上，并制止對(duì)人類福利的浪費(fèi)行為，后者往往是人們?yōu)E用集中在自己手中的權(quán)力和財(cái)富造成的。這些人利欲熏心，卻對(duì)付出的代價(jià)視而不見。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The principle (of making the best use of all) ( we have ) requires that we stop the waste (of human life in industry) and prevent the waste (of human welfare)//( which flows from the unfair use of concentrated power and wealth in the hands of men)//( whose eagerness for profit blinds them to the cost of what they do).第一段是句子的主干，結(jié)構(gòu)是The principle...requires that we stop the waste...and prevent the waste...，主語是The principle，謂語是requires，賓語是that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句（即賓語從句），括號(hào)中的部分皆是各自前面相關(guān)名詞的后置定語（of making...是主語the principle的后置定語，we have是省略了that的定語從句修飾all，of human life in industry和of human welfare分別是兩個(gè)waste的后置定語）；第二段中，which引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞welfare；最后一段中，whose引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句修飾先行詞men。

【詞匯精記】 　principle 原則，原理；make the best use of 充分利用；welfare 福利，福祉；flow from 源于；unfair 不公平的；concentrate 集中；concentrated power and wealth 集中的權(quán)利和財(cái)富；profit 利益；eagerness for profit 對(duì)利益的渴望；blind sb. to... 使某人對(duì)……視而不見；in the hands of 在……手中；cost 成本（此處引申為“代價(jià)”）。

31. I'm usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago.

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________

【參考譯文】 　有些研究認(rèn)為，人們和50年前比較要么更幸福要么更不幸，對(duì)自己要么更自信要么更不自信，對(duì)于任何這樣的研究我通常持一種懷疑的態(tài)度。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　I'm usually fairly skeptical about any research// that concludes (that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves//than they were 50 years ago.第一段是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)作句子的主干；第二段是that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞research，從句中，that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句作concludes的賓語，在此從句中，either A or B or C是并列形容詞短語作表語；最后一段中than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句和前面的happier or unhappier or more or less certain of...形成比較結(jié)構(gòu)。

【詞匯精記】 　be fairly skeptical about 對(duì)……相當(dāng)懷疑；be certain of 對(duì)……肯定。

32. There are newsletters, such as Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands Americans useful tips on anything from recycling cling-film to making their own soap.

【翻譯演練】 　________________________

【參考譯文】 　還有像《Tightwad Gazette》這樣的簡訊，它們給數(shù)十萬美國人提供了許許多多有用的小竅門，從保鮮膜回收利用到自制肥皂，一應(yīng)俱全。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　There are also newsletters, such as Tightwad Gazette ,// that give hundreds of thousands Americans useful tips (on anything) (from recycling cling-film to making their own soap).此句的第一段是句子主干，畫線部分是插入語表示舉例；第二段是關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞newsletters，因插入語之故，此句的定語從句和先行詞發(fā)生了分隔（ 此處并非非限制性定語從句）；從句中的主語是關(guān)系代詞that，謂語是give，賓語是hundreds of thousands Americans（間接賓語）和useful tips（直接賓語）；on anything是介詞短語作前面tips的后置定語，from recycling cling-film to making their own soap則是介詞短語作其前面anything的后置定語。

【詞匯精記】 　newsletter 簡訊，通訊，新聞信札；hundreds of thousands 數(shù)十萬；tip 小費(fèi)，小竅門；recycle 回收利用；cling-film 保鮮膜；soap 肥皂。