中級美國英語現(xiàn)在完成式since與for的用法
一.本課要點及示例
在這一課里我們要復(fù)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成式, 并且要學(xué)習(xí)兩個時常跟現(xiàn)在完成式句子一起用的連詞, 一個是 since, s-i-n-c-e, since, 一個是 for, f-o-r, for. 現(xiàn)在我們還是按照慣例, 先請英文老師念一段會話,請你聽的時候特別注意兩位英文老師的發(fā)音和語調(diào).
M: Where have you been, Kate?
F: I've been at the garage for the last two hours.
M: What happened? Did you have an accident?
F: No, nothing happened. But we haven't had the car checked since February. It's needed an oil change for a long time.
M: I know. Have you gotten the car back?
F: No. They've worked on it since four thirty, but they haven't finished it yet.
M: Well, when can we get it back?
F: I'll pick it up on Friday.
M: That's good. Then, we'll have it for the weekend.
現(xiàn)在我們再來聽英文老師用慢速度把剛才亨利和凱特的對話念一遍.
M: Where have you been, Kate?
F: I've been at the garage for the last two hours.
M: What happened? Did you have an accident?
F: No, nothing happened. But we haven't had the car checked since February. It's needed an oil change for a long time.
M: I know. Have you gotten the car back?
F: No. They've worked on it since four thirty, but they haven't finished it yet.
M: Well, when can we get it back?
F: I'll pick it up on Friday.
M: That's good. Then, we'll have it for the weekend.
下面我請英文老師把剛才那段對話里包含了今天要學(xué)的語法的句子再念一遍
給你聽
F: I've been at the garage for the last two hours.
F: We haven't had the car checked since February.
F: It's needed an oil change for a long time.
F: They've worked on it since four thirty.
二.現(xiàn)在完成式復(fù)習(xí)
聽完對話, 現(xiàn)在我們該作練習(xí)了. 首先我們來復(fù)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成式. 下面這組練習(xí)的內(nèi)容是說亨利從早上到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)作了什么事, 比方他已經(jīng)到過辦公室, 已經(jīng)寫了一份報告, 已經(jīng)見到了辦公室打字員南希等等. 你先跟著老師重復(fù)一個句子, 然后老師會提出一個新的詞組, 請你把詞組里的動詞改成過去分詞, 代換到原來的句子里. 每作完一句老師會念出正確答案, 你自己作個比較, 看你作對了沒有. 現(xiàn)在開始.
M: Henry has been in his office.
M: have a cup of coffee
F: Henry has had a cup of coffee.
M: read today's newspaper
F: Henry has read today's newspaper.
M: do some exercises
F: Henry has done some exercises.
M: write a report
F: Henry has written a report.
M: see Nancy
F: Henry has seen Nancy.
下面一組練習(xí)是說凱特到修車廠買汽油, 順便請人換機油的事情. 老師用慢速度提出一些現(xiàn)在完成式問句, 請學(xué)生作肯定的答覆, 請你在學(xué)生回答的時候也跟著回答.
M: Has Kate taken her car to the garage?
F: Yes, she has taken her car to the garage.
M: Has Kate bought some gasoline there?
F: Yes, she has bought some gasoline there.
M: Has Kate paid for the gasoline?
F: Yes, she has paid for the gasoline.
M: Has the gasoline been quite expensive recently?
F: Yes, it has been quite expensive recently.
M: Has the cost of gasoline increased?
F: Yes, it has increased.
M: Has Kate's car needed an oil change for a long time?
F: Yes, it has needed an oil change for a long time.
M: Has Kate waited in the garage?
F: Yes, she has waited in the garage.
三.I've 和 She's
以前我們練習(xí)過把 have not 簡縮為 haven't, 把 has not 簡縮為 hasn't. 下面我們來練習(xí)怎么樣把代名詞跟 have 或是 has 連起來說. 比方 I have 說成 I've, they have 說成 they've, she has 說成 she's 等等. 現(xiàn)在我們來作兩組練習(xí), 內(nèi)容都是亨利和凱特吃過晚飯之后話家常.第一組練習(xí)是亨利問凱特是否已經(jīng)作了某些事情, 凱特用 I've 作肯定的答覆.請你注意聽亨利問問題, 并且跟凱特一起回答問題.
M: Have you taken the car to the garage yet?
F: Yes, I've taken it to the garage.
M: Have you been to the new supermarket yet?
F: Yes, I've been there.
M: Have you given Peter his weekly allowance?
F: Yes, I've given him his weekly allowance.
M: Have you sent the package to Jenny yet?
F: Yes, I've sent it to Jenny.
M: Have you heard about Linda's new boyfriend?
F: Yes, I've heard about him.
下面凱特問亨利一些有關(guān)亨利的同事南希的問題, 比方南希是否已經(jīng)搬到郊區(qū), 是否已經(jīng)決定結(jié)婚, 是否談起到紐約渡蜜月的事情. 亨利用 she's 作肯定的答覆. 請你注意聽, 并且跟亨利一起回答.
F: Has Nancy moved to the suburb yet?
M: Yes, she's moved to the suburb.
F: Has Nancy bought a car yet?
M: Yes, she's bought a car.
F: Has Nancy gotten used to driving to work?
M: Yes, she's gotten used to it.
F: Has Nancy decided to get married?
M: Yes, she's decided to get married.
F: Has she told you about going to New York for her honeymoon?
M: Yes, she's told me about it.
F: Has Nancy planned to come over for dinner next Saturday?
M: Yes, she's planned to come over.
四.SINCE 和 FOR
剛才我們復(fù)習(xí)了現(xiàn)在完成式,同時也學(xué)了一些新詞,現(xiàn)在我們要學(xué)習(xí)兩個連詞,就是 since 跟 for 的用法. 這個兩個字常常跟現(xiàn)在完成式句子一起用. since表示 "自從一個特定的時間開始", for 表示 "時間持續(xù)了多久". 現(xiàn)在我們來聽英文老師念一些句子, 比較這兩個連詞的用法.
M: Henry and Kate have been married since 1962.
F: They have been married for a long time.
M: Henry and Kate have lived in Seattle since 1965.
F: They have lived in Seattle for a long time.
M: Henry has worked as a fireman since 1970.
F: He has worked as a fireman for many years.
下面這組練習(xí)是由老師問你一個問題, 然后, 他提出一個特定的時間請你用since 跟這個特定的時間回答問題. 這些問題都是跟亨利作救火員有關(guān)系的.每作完一句就請你聽正確答案.
M: Has Henry wanted to be a fireman?
M: He was a child.
F: Henry has wanted to be a fireman since he was a child.
M: Has Henry worked as a fireman for a long time?
M: 1970
F: Henry has worked as a fireman since 1970.
M: Has Henry ever worked for the city government?
M: He got married.
F: Henry has worked for the city government since he got married.
M: Has Henry been very busy with his job?
M: last month
F: Henry has been very busy with his job since last month.
在下面一組練習(xí)里老師問學(xué)生一些有關(guān)凱特當(dāng)教員的問題, 每問一句, 老師就提出一個指明時間長短的詞組, 請學(xué)生用 for 跟這個詞組來回答問題. 請你在學(xué)生作練習(xí)的時候也一起作.
M: How long has Kate been a teacher?
M: a long time
F: She's been a teacher for a long time.
M: How long has Kate taught in elementary school?
M: many years
F: Kate's taught in elementary school for many years.
M: How long has Kate taught this year?
M: 6 months
F: Kate's taught for six months this year.
M: How long has Kate been in school today?
M: 4 hours
F: Kate's been in school for 4 hours today.
下面一個練習(xí)是由老師給你念一個現(xiàn)在完成式否定句, 接著老師提出一個表 明時間的詞組, 請你把這個詞組用進原來的句子里. 注意凡是指明特定的時間你就必須用 since, 凡是說明時間長短的詞組, 你就必須用 for. 每作完一句就請你聽老師念正確答案. 看你作對了沒有.
M: Henry hasn't seen his cousin, Susan.
M: last year
F: Henry hasn't seen his cousin, Susan, since last year.
M: Henry hasn't written to his daughter, Jenny.
M: two weeks
F: Henry hasn't written to his daughter,Jenny,for two weeks.
M: Henry hasn't eaten any meat.
M: last week
F: Henry hasn't eaten any meat since last week.
M: Kate hasn't heard from her sister.
M: April
F: Kate hasn't heard from her sister since April.
M: Kate hasn't taken a trip
M: the year before last
F: Kate hasn't taken a trip since the year before last.
M: Kate hasn't bought any expensive clothes.
M: 10 months
F: Kate hasn't bought any expensive clothes for 10 months.
五.聽短文回答問題
剛才那個練習(xí)你都作對了嗎? 現(xiàn)在我們來作今天的聽力測驗.今天老師要念的 文章是說汽車在美國變得很普遍, 人們以汽車為主要交通工具, 上班, 上街, 去旅行都要靠汽車. 現(xiàn)在請你注意聽, 等一會兒老師會根據(jù)這段文章問你幾個問題.
Perhaps more than any other people, Americans have come to depend on their cars. The family car has been a common thing since the early 20th century, and it has changed American life. Many people have moved outside of the large cities to the suburbs. Some Americans spend two hours a day or more in their cars going to work and home again. Cars have become the means of transportation for most Americans going shopping, and even going on vacations. Americans used to like big cars, and gasoline used to be very inexpensive. Recently, however, the cost of gasoline has increased, smaller cars have become more common. Also foreign cars have become very common. Americans have bought large numbers of Japanese and German cars. They have bought cars from several other countries as well.
剛才那段文章要是你沒有全懂, 沒有關(guān)系, 等一會兒我請英文老師再給你念一遍. 現(xiàn)在我們先來聽今天測驗的三個問題.
第一個問題是:
M: How long has the family car been a common thing in the United States?
第二個問題是:
M: How has the family car changed American life?
第三個問題是:
M: Do Americans only buy American cars?
現(xiàn)在我們再聽英文老師把剛才那段文章用慢速度念一遍.
Perhaps more than any other people, Americans have come to depend on their cars. The family car has been a common thing since the early 20th century, and it has changed American life. Many people have moved outside of the large cities to the suburbs. Some Americans spend two hours a day or more in their cars going to work and home again. Cars have become the means of transportation for most Americans going shopping, and even going on vacations. Americans used to like big cars, and gasoline used to be very inexpensive. Recently, however, the cost of gasoline has increased, smaller cars have become more common. Also foreign cars have become very common. Americans have bought large numbers of Japanese and German cars. They have bought cars from several other countries as well.
現(xiàn)在請你回答下面三個問題. 每回答一句就請你自己跟老師念的正確答案比 較一下, 看你答對了沒有.
第一個問題是:
M: How long has the family car been a common thing in the United States?
F: The family car has been a common thing in the United States for over 40 years.
第二個問題是:
M: How has the family car changed American life?
F: Many Americans have moved to the suburbs. Cars have become the means of transportation for most Americans going to work, going shopping and going on vacations.
第三個問題是:
M: Do Americans only buy American cars?
F: No, Americans have bought cars from Japan, Germany and several other countries.
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