雅思大作文——讓步段，想說愛你不容易
無論是哪一種議論文，評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的前兩項(xiàng)TA(任務(wù)完成度)和CC(銜接與連貫)都強(qiáng)調(diào)論證的重要性，而如何論證又恰巧是很多中國考生最頭疼的地方。尤其是近年來，雅思大作文涉及的話題越來越抽象，越來越難思考觀點(diǎn)，以往一篇文章考生能想到三至四個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，而現(xiàn)在能想到兩到三個(gè)觀點(diǎn)就已經(jīng)絞盡腦汁了。
那么如何在觀點(diǎn)“缺貨”的情況下，對文章的中心論點(diǎn)展開充分論證呢?本文將給大家介紹一種新的論證方法——讓步的論證方法。
什么是讓步段(“退一步海闊天空”)
說起“讓步“二字，大家應(yīng)該不陌生，因?yàn)橛⒄Z的語法知識體系里就有讓步狀語從句。在雅思大作文中，讓步就是先退一步承認(rèn)自己不同意的事實(shí)或者觀點(diǎn)，再對其進(jìn)行反駁。
舉個(gè)例子，大家都或多或少有過面試的經(jīng)歷，我們可以類比一下。通常在面試結(jié)束后，HR如果要拒絕錄用我們，他會在拒絕前先適當(dāng)肯定一下我們在某些方面的閃光點(diǎn)，這就是讓步。當(dāng)然，肯定完之后，HR還是會直奔主題，給我們挑刺，無情地拒絕我們。
在主體段寫作過程中，將讓步的內(nèi)容擴(kuò)展成一個(gè)段落，就是我們所說的讓步段。
讓步段的實(shí)戰(zhàn)意義(“讓你的論證無懈可擊”)
讓步段是一種實(shí)用性很強(qiáng)的寫作段落，在論證過程中有著廣泛的實(shí)戰(zhàn)意義。首先，讓步段通常出現(xiàn)在一邊倒的“五段式”作文中。如上文所述，很多學(xué)生都將大部分精力集中在苦思冥想三個(gè)支持性觀點(diǎn)和細(xì)節(jié)上， 而結(jié)果是往往想出第二個(gè)觀點(diǎn)就語竭詞窮了，但若換個(gè)思路，把最后一個(gè)主體段(全文第四段)寫成讓步段，能幫助我們很好地?cái)U(kuò)充文章的字?jǐn)?shù)，滿足寫作要求。此外， 讓步段寫作還可以照顧到反方觀點(diǎn)，避免給讀者留下偏執(zhí)走極端的印象，使論證更加全面客觀，使整篇文章的論述更具有說服力。
讓步段到底怎么寫(“欲抑先揚(yáng)、人格分裂”)
根據(jù)以上論述，我們知道了讓步段的概念和意義。下面我們就來介紹讓步段如何寫作。典型的寫作方式是”三步走”原則： 立反(承認(rèn)反方觀點(diǎn)的合理性)+論反(給出反方論據(jù))+駁反(反駁反方觀點(diǎn))。
下文結(jié)合實(shí)例，我們來分析如何寫出一個(gè)具有說服力的讓步段。
01
“三步走”原則：讓步=?立反+論反+駁反
02
常用詞匯句式
立反
1. As is granted, ...
2. Opponents would argue that...
3. Although/ In spite of the fact that ...， people tend to believe that ...
4. It is undeniable that ...
論反
For example/ instance,...
This is because ...
駁反
However,...
03
案例分析
Example 1：
Some people think that it is more important to plant more trees in open areas such as towns and cities than build more housing. To what extent do agree or disagree?
讓步段： (全文的立場： 種樹比建房好)
立反：In spite of the importance of planting trees in towns and cities, the construction of houses might be more significant in some cases.
論反：This is because in certain regions where housing shortage is rather severe, the priority of governments would be building houses rather than planting trees.
駁反：However, this kind of shortage has already been alleviated in numerous areas, so planting trees deserves more consideration.
通過上面這道題讓步段的寫作，大家不難看出，“立反”和“論反”這兩句的寫作其實(shí)比較好找到突破口，關(guān)鍵是“駁反”這一句比較難尋切入點(diǎn)，這也被很多同學(xué)經(jīng)常抱怨： 前一步剛給出理由來支持一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，后一步就要推倒這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，難道是要我“人格分裂”嗎?沒錯(cuò)，是的!為了解決這個(gè)疑惑，以下就為大家介紹兩種“人格分裂”即“駁反”的方法。
“駁反”法一：解決問題--說明問題能被克服，最好簡單提出解決方法
Example 2：
In many countries, traditional foods are replacedby international fast foods. This is having a negative effect on families and societies. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
讓步段：(全文的立場：快餐食品對人們有利)
立反：In spite of the two advantages mentioned above, there is an evident disadvantage of fast food.
論反: The individuals who consume fast food constantly tend to become overweight, getting a number of diseases.
駁反： However, this risk could be avoided to a large extent if people have fast food properly and do exercise regularly. (解決問題)
“駁反”法二：針鋒相對--直接指出反方的缺陷
Example 3：
Some people believe that living in big cities is bad for health.
Do you agree or disagree?
讓步段：(全文的立場：住在城市對健康有害)
立反: Although living in urban areas is detrimental to individuals’ physical and mental health, there are also benefits of urban life.
論反: For instance, people might benefit from the better health care service provided in metropolises.
駁反： However, this service may never completely cope with the health problems of citizens living in big cities. (針鋒相對)
結(jié)語
以上就是對于讓步段的概念、意義的介紹，以及“三步走”原則的寫法分析。讓步段對于增強(qiáng)論證的說服力和擴(kuò)充文章內(nèi)容，有著重要意義。推薦同學(xué)們在論證中正確使用此法，同時(shí)也希望該方法能切實(shí)幫助大家提高雅思寫作水平，實(shí)現(xiàn)高能高分。
