雅思議論文結(jié)構(gòu)技巧解析兩大黃金法則
從應(yīng)考方面而言，在接觸一個(gè)雅思議論文題目時(shí)，我們必須要掌握的是文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的表達(dá)有事半功倍的作用。近幾年的雅思議論文考題，可以歸納為兩大類：討論類和分析解決型。
I 討論類
何為討論類文章，即對(duì)一個(gè)給定的觀點(diǎn)以及與其相對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行討論，或就一個(gè)話題的兩個(gè)對(duì)立的方面：積極和消極方面進(jìn)行探討，發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)。顧名思義，討論類文章分為觀點(diǎn)類討論和優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)討論。這兩種議論類型所對(duì)應(yīng)的問(wèn)題模式常見(jiàn)的有：Do you agree or disagree, What is your opinion? To what extent do you agree or disagree?等。請(qǐng)看下面的列表來(lái)熟悉此類問(wèn)題模式。
1).Nowadays, some universities offer students skills that assist them to find employment, but some people believe that the main function of a university should be to provide students with access to knowledge for its sake. What is your opinion?
2). Some people think that using animals for experimentation purpose is necessary for the development of science. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
3). The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
4). Tourism is becoming a good source of revenue for many countries. Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of exploring this resource.
5). In many countries, the number of elderly people is increasing fast. Does this trend have more positive or negative effects on the society?
以上五題中有對(duì)一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)發(fā)表自己觀點(diǎn)的，也有給出兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)再發(fā)表自己觀點(diǎn)的，也有對(duì)一個(gè)話題的兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行論述的，這些都屬于討論類，其中1、2、3題屬于觀點(diǎn)類討論，而4、5題為優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)討論。
2. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析
單邊論證
熟悉了問(wèn)題模式后，我們來(lái)分析一下其所對(duì)應(yīng)的文章結(jié)構(gòu)。以上五種問(wèn)題模式，考生在未接觸雅思前較熟悉的是Do you agree or disagree?和 What is your opinion?而通常這兩類問(wèn)題所對(duì)應(yīng)的文章可以用以下的五段論結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)完成：引言段(introduction)提出觀點(diǎn)，正文(body)三段通過(guò)三個(gè)理由來(lái)對(duì)觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證，結(jié)尾段(conclusion)重申一下自己的觀點(diǎn)。因?yàn)榇朔N結(jié)構(gòu)只對(duì)自己支持的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證，因此叫單邊論證，可以用下圖來(lái)表示：
Introduction
Background+My Opinion
Body:
1.Reason One + Supportiong Sentences(ss表示)
2.Reason Two + SS
3.Reason Three + SS
Conclusion:
Restatement of My Opinion
上述結(jié)構(gòu)中的supporting sentences在議論文中的體現(xiàn)方式是一些論證方法，如舉例子(exemplification)，對(duì)比對(duì)照(contrast& comparison)，列數(shù)據(jù)(raising figures)，讓步(making concession)等來(lái)對(duì)自己支持的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證，使考官信服。而此類結(jié)構(gòu)也是中國(guó)學(xué)生較熟悉的議論文結(jié)構(gòu)，在各類中國(guó)的考試中，如高考英語(yǔ)、大學(xué)四六級(jí)考試等，應(yīng)用也較廣。但是單邊論證的缺點(diǎn)，就中國(guó)學(xué)生而言，是較難擴(kuò)展論證過(guò)程，而且像講道理、舉例子等論證方法必須正確使用，顯示其邏輯性才能得到高分。
雙邊論證
然而通過(guò)筆者的總結(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn)，近年來(lái)，劍5和劍6后面考官提供的高分甚至滿分范文都采用了另一種論證方法，稱為雙邊論證。雙邊論證基本為四段論，它與單邊的最大區(qū)別在正文，正文兩段分別對(duì)題干提出的兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證。我們也通過(guò)下圖來(lái)認(rèn)識(shí)此種結(jié)構(gòu)：
Introduction
Background+ My Opinion / Layout
Body:
1. Opinion One/ Advantage
Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences
+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences
2. Opinion Two/ Disadvantage
Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences
+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences
+ Reason Three + Supporting Sentences
Conclusion:
Statement of My Opinion (for opinion two/ more disadvantages than advantages)
此類結(jié)構(gòu)是雙邊傾向性結(jié)構(gòu)，是雙邊結(jié)構(gòu)中的一種。對(duì)大多數(shù)中國(guó)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，雙邊結(jié)構(gòu)較單邊結(jié)構(gòu)最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是論證過(guò)程比較容易擴(kuò)展。雙邊論證指正文兩段分別論述下兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)?？梢宰鲆粋€(gè)有趣的比喻(引自寧園老師)，雙邊論證的結(jié)構(gòu)就像是在打一場(chǎng)官司，引言段引出話題，可以看作是書記員來(lái)宣布審理的案件，正文兩段分別是兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，可以理解為被告和原告的辯護(hù)律師來(lái)列舉對(duì)自己有利的證據(jù)，結(jié)尾段得出觀點(diǎn)，即法官在總結(jié)了被告原告律師的發(fā)言后，得出自己的答案，同意哪一方，是否定罪。
通過(guò)上面對(duì)單邊、雙邊結(jié)構(gòu)的介紹，考生可得出結(jié)論，上面列舉的5個(gè)問(wèn)題，1、2、3、5題可用單邊論證，而這5題都可以用雙邊論證來(lái)寫，第4題只能用雙邊論證，題干已經(jīng)明確要求討論兩個(gè)方面。
II 分析解決型
此類問(wèn)題模式通常會(huì)給出一個(gè)話題，如juvenile delinquency，要求考生分析產(chǎn)生此問(wèn)題的原因，并給出一些緩解的方法。我們首先也來(lái)熟悉下此類問(wèn)題模式
1). Crime is increasing in many countries. Discuss some of the reasons for this increase and suggest some ways in which government can combat the problems.
2).Nowadays, people are facing more and more work-related stress. State the possible reasons for this phenomenon and make some recommendations about how to solve it.
3). What are some of the problems associated with the drug abuse? Give some suggestions about how to alleviate it?
4). Overpopulation of the elderly is increasingly severe in almost every country. Analyse some reasons and state the effects on the society.
上面兩題中共同出現(xiàn)的兩個(gè)信號(hào)詞分別是reasons，suggestions，problems和effects。所以有這四個(gè)詞我們可以確定它為分析解決型，和討論類題目有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別。它們所對(duì)應(yīng)的文章結(jié)構(gòu)見(jiàn)下圖。
Introduction
Background + layout
Body
1.Reasons / Problems
Topic Sentence + Reason One / Problem One + supporting sentences
+ Reason Two / Problem Two + supporting sentences
2. Suggestions / Effects
Topic sentence + Suggestion One / Effect One + ss
+ Suggestion Two / Effect Two + ss
Conclusion:
Restatement of the Body
上述結(jié)構(gòu)是分析解決型的一種非常常見(jiàn)的對(duì)應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)，我們應(yīng)該問(wèn)什么答什么。有時(shí)題目會(huì)出現(xiàn)只問(wèn)problems或reasons，結(jié)構(gòu)也要相應(yīng)的發(fā)生變化，即只回答幾個(gè)問(wèn)題或原因。
得出文章的結(jié)構(gòu)是解題的基礎(chǔ)和關(guān)鍵，但事實(shí)上，在考試過(guò)程中，因?yàn)闀r(shí)間很緊，花在得出結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)間就應(yīng)該相應(yīng)的縮短，老師的建議是考生在拿到一個(gè)題目審題后，應(yīng)該在二十秒左右的時(shí)間內(nèi)就反應(yīng)出文章的結(jié)構(gòu)?？忌赏ㄟ^(guò)上述結(jié)構(gòu)自己再考前準(zhǔn)備模板，這對(duì)提高解題速度有很大的幫助。
