如何展開(kāi)雅思寫(xiě)作大作文的主體段？

　　雅思寫(xiě)作是許多雅思考生最為頭疼的，同時(shí)也是得分最不理想的一個(gè)部分。在寫(xiě)作實(shí)戰(zhàn)中，考生遇到的問(wèn)題往往有以下幾種：一、時(shí)間不充足。很多考生在寫(xiě)作中手忙腳亂，不知從何處下手，思緒無(wú)法集中，因而時(shí)間不夠用，導(dǎo)致寫(xiě)作任務(wù)無(wú)法完成，由此導(dǎo)致失分嚴(yán)重。二、字?jǐn)?shù)不夠，尤其是大作文。很多考生的寫(xiě)作過(guò)程可謂是非常痛苦，因?yàn)樗麄兙褪窃谙敕皆O(shè)法硬湊字?jǐn)?shù)，可想過(guò)程是過(guò)么辛苦加痛苦。即使字?jǐn)?shù)夠了，在這種情況下擠牙膏似的擠出來(lái)的文章質(zhì)量能又能有多高呢?？忌静粫?huì)考慮到文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯，更不會(huì)有一氣呵成，行云流水般的美感了。三、在寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中思緒萬(wàn)千，洋洋灑灑寫(xiě)了許多，但是卻不能得高分，因?yàn)榭忌趯?xiě)的過(guò)程中是想到什么就寫(xiě)什么，更有甚者是一句話(huà)可能會(huì)來(lái)來(lái)回回重復(fù)幾次。他們根本不知道雅思寫(xiě)作的特點(diǎn)，不知道如何安排文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，如何提出論點(diǎn)，如何論證，如何展開(kāi)段落，因而整片文章就像一盤(pán)散沙，會(huì)存在論點(diǎn)不明確、論證論據(jù)缺乏力度、結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯混亂等問(wèn)題。

　　雅思大作文要求在40分鐘內(nèi)完成250字的寫(xiě)作，對(duì)于大部分中國(guó)考生來(lái)說(shuō)，還是比較困難的，因?yàn)椴还苁窃谥袑W(xué)還是在大學(xué)，他們遇到的英文寫(xiě)作一般都是120字，大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)也只有150字。因此，考生們覺(jué)得很難高質(zhì)量地完成250字的英文寫(xiě)作也是情理之中。筆者認(rèn)為，造成這個(gè)問(wèn)題的主要原因是考生們不知如何展開(kāi)段落，如何提出觀點(diǎn)，然后進(jìn)行論證。雅思大作文一般分為開(kāi)頭段、主體段和結(jié)論段。其中，開(kāi)頭段和結(jié)論段所占字?jǐn)?shù)較少，而且寫(xiě)起來(lái)相對(duì)容易。而主體段字?jǐn)?shù)較多，寫(xiě)起來(lái)要復(fù)雜的多?？梢哉f(shuō)，主體段的寫(xiě)作直接關(guān)系著能否滿(mǎn)足字?jǐn)?shù)要求，而且也最能體現(xiàn)文章的邏輯性。

　　主體段落一般由主題句和擴(kuò)展句構(gòu)成。主題句一般放在第一句，是段落核心，用來(lái)概括全段內(nèi)容。主題句分為籠統(tǒng)主題句和具體主題句。籠統(tǒng)主體句的作用是引出下文，點(diǎn)明方向，具體主題句則概況下面內(nèi)容的核心主題。僅有主題觀點(diǎn)是不夠的，還要對(duì)其進(jìn)行論證，也就是圍繞主題進(jìn)行論證，對(duì)其進(jìn)行說(shuō)明、敘述、舉例及論述。

　　一、舉實(shí)例論證。

　　有些考生在開(kāi)頭提出觀點(diǎn)之后，就不知道該如何繼續(xù)下去。這種情況下，考生可以舉實(shí)例論證，舉例是我們解釋論證一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)最好的方式，也是最有說(shuō)服力的。

　　Although sticking to one’s goal is key to success, sometimes one should be ready to give up. Napoleon’s story is a case in point. After Napoleon succeeded in seizing the crown of France, he should have been satisfied with his achievement. But he did not. He went on to conquer the whole Europe. Then after he succeeded in ruling almost the whole Europe, he should have given up this ambition to expanding his empire. But he did not. He went on to invade Russia and there he suffered a total defeat. Later he was sent into exile and died in a lonely island.

　　本段引用了拿破侖的事跡來(lái)加以論證。拿破侖是家喻戶(hù)曉的人物，而且最后決定拿破侖及其帝國(guó)命運(yùn)的滑鐵盧戰(zhàn)役也是大家都知曉的。通過(guò)這個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)明在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候?qū)W會(huì)放棄是很有說(shuō)服力的。在舉例時(shí)，最好選擇一些大家都知曉的，這樣才能更有說(shuō)服力。當(dāng)然考生也可以用自己的親身經(jīng)歷來(lái)加以論證。

　　The second reason for my propensity for outdoor activities is that they can build my mind greatly. In sports, one must learn to struggle for the victory, learn to fight with no matter what is left in his body. And one must learn to stick to one’s own confidence and hope, no matter how little the hope may be. And one must learn to accept failure, learn to start again after failure. Long-running and mountain climbing contribute much to this kind of spirits. I will never forget the feeling when I raced to the final line first in a 300-meter running. I could hardly breathe in the last 100 meters. My lungs ached and my legs weighed tons, but there was still one runner in front of me. I gave all my strength to move one foot ahead of the other. When I surpassed him, he gave a cry of surprise, I won at last and I learned much from the race.

　　文章在提出主題句后，先是加以論述，然后用長(zhǎng)跑和爬山作為例子。最后又用自己的親身經(jīng)歷和感受來(lái)論證室外活動(dòng)可以增強(qiáng)一個(gè)人的毅力。

　　二、用一些研究、調(diào)查、發(fā)現(xiàn)、科學(xué)家及權(quán)威人士的觀點(diǎn)或組織機(jī)構(gòu)的研究結(jié)果加以論證，并引用數(shù)據(jù)作為支撐。此論證方法的好處就是比較權(quán)威客觀，更有說(shuō)服力。

　　If people move to live in different places, they will have more opportunity for improving their lives. According to a survey conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 55% of urban Chinese had changed their living place at least once in their lifetime by 2000, an increase of 30 percent as compared with that of 2 decades ago. Chinese sociologists agree that this trend is most likely to continue with the development society. Statistics indicate that people who moved at least once in their lifetime enjoy a much higher living standard than those who never moved.

　　本段先是引用中科院的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)加以論證，然后用某些專(zhuān)家和數(shù)據(jù)繼續(xù)加以論證。有一點(diǎn)值得注意，很多考生并不知道真實(shí)的數(shù)據(jù)，考試中往往是自己的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造。所以沒(méi)有把握的情況下，盡量不要去寫(xiě)那些眾所周知的人或者機(jī)構(gòu)，可以模糊地用某個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)或某個(gè)學(xué)者，數(shù)據(jù)上也千萬(wàn)不要太夸張，只要能達(dá)到有力夠論證自己的觀點(diǎn)即可。

　　三、通過(guò)比較和對(duì)比方式來(lái)論證，這樣兩個(gè)事物、行為或者觀點(diǎn)的利弊就非常明顯。

　　Those who believe in the measure say that students benefit a lot from traveling or working for a year before their formal university education. First, they can more broadly acquainted themselves with the society, deepen their understanding of the outside world, and thus better coordinate their objectives of learning with the needs of the society. In contrast, by immediate entrance to university they can not steer the direction of their study well and may display a poor combination of the theory with practice. Second, study at high school is really exhausting, especially when to win college admission. So it is necessary to grant these children a relatively long period of relaxation or buffer, say, traveling or working for a year, to loosen the chords of their brain, so that when they go back to school later again, they can become completely refreshed and rejuvenated.

　　這篇文章是關(guān)于上大學(xué)前是否應(yīng)該用一年的時(shí)間來(lái)旅游或者工作進(jìn)行論證。此段的主題是學(xué)生在進(jìn)入大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)之前花一年時(shí)間進(jìn)行旅游或工作的話(huà)，會(huì)讓他們受益匪淺。對(duì)比點(diǎn)是：進(jìn)入大學(xué)之前一年進(jìn)行旅游或工作有利于讓學(xué)生廣泛了解社會(huì)，加深他們對(duì)外界的理解，因此能讓他們更好地協(xié)調(diào)好學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)和社會(huì)的需要。相對(duì)比之下，直接進(jìn)入大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的話(huà)，他們不能夠把握學(xué)習(xí)的方向，而且有可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生理論和實(shí)踐相脫節(jié)。通過(guò)此番對(duì)比，旅游或工作一年對(duì)于即將步入大學(xué)的學(xué)生們的好處是顯而易見(jiàn)，段落的主題句得到有力的論證。

　　四、通過(guò)假設(shè)進(jìn)行正反論述。

　　Then, since the transportation system is the lifeline of a country’s economic activities, its paralysis would lead to the disintegration of the economy, either industry of farming or daylife. Suppose all the means of transportation were halted for lack of oil, factories with insufficient raw materials would have to close, workers would be out of work, and ripe farm crops would have to stay in the fields at the mercy of rain and storms. People would try to store food and the price of all commodities would go up. If we take those power stations run by oil into account, situations would become even worse. In this sense, oil decides the fate of the whole economy and that of the government.

　　通過(guò)假設(shè)得出了一系列的可怕的后果，最后再得出結(jié)論，這樣的結(jié)論是發(fā)人深省，當(dāng)然也是最能引起人們廣泛重視的。

　　五、換種說(shuō)法，換而言之。

　　The computer technology has no doubt at all replaced most of function, that is, we can read books from the academic database; newspapers and publishes from almost everywhere, this means that we do not need many hard copies and environment friendly for the earth. However I am not so much convinced that public libraries can replace other functions that we need other than providing information or books.

　　換而言之就是換種方式去解釋?zhuān)菇忉尭泳唧w直觀話(huà)，因而更能被理解并接受。

　　以上就是我對(duì)展開(kāi)雅思大作文主體段的一些個(gè)人見(jiàn)解，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助!