GRE寫作Issue十大論證技巧
下面將這十大論證方法一一講解。
首先，有必要將下面講解所涉及的概念解釋一下。每一個(gè)論證方法將按照論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和推理依據(jù)的順序講解。大家都知道，凡是議論文必然有論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證三要素。論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)好理解，而論證就是用論據(jù)支持論點(diǎn)的過(guò)程。但用論據(jù)支持論點(diǎn)是否有效，關(guān)鍵在于由論點(diǎn)到論據(jù)有沒有足夠的推理依據(jù)。推理依據(jù)不成立，論證就是無(wú)效論證。
這里順便講一下ARGUMENT的解題思路：每一道ARGUMENT題目本身都是一個(gè)從論據(jù)到論點(diǎn)的論證過(guò)程：其中有觀點(diǎn)，有論據(jù)。這個(gè)從論據(jù)到論點(diǎn)的論證過(guò)程會(huì)出現(xiàn)諸多大大小 小邏輯鏈條。只要我們能證明ARGUMENT題目中的論者在任何一個(gè)邏輯鏈條上出了問(wèn)題，那 么，其推理/論證就不能成立。
所以，對(duì)于ARGUMENT,我們的任務(wù)只有一個(gè)：從兩到三個(gè)方面證明題目在哪些邏輯鏈條上出了問(wèn)題，以至于其由論據(jù)到論點(diǎn)/結(jié)論的推理依據(jù)不成立。 而ARGUMENT所有的分析切入點(diǎn)，就是這里將要談到的十大論證技巧。正是在這十大論證技 巧里面，大家完全可以發(fā)現(xiàn)ISSUE和ARGUMENT兩種不同寫作任務(wù)之間互濟(jì)相通的樂趣。
一、演繹推理論證法
將一個(gè)具體的事例運(yùn)用到一個(gè)一般性原則從而得出結(jié)論。例如：
論點(diǎn)：Demand for this product will go up.
論據(jù)：The price of the product is sliding.
推理依據(jù)： Whenever prices of a product go down, demand for it rises.
(說(shuō)明：由論據(jù)“The price of the product is sliding” 推出論點(diǎn) “Demand for this product will go up”，這個(gè)過(guò)程是否有效取決于推理依據(jù) “Whenever prices of a product go down, demand for it rises"是否成立。下面每一種論證方法都是如此。)
二、定義法
界定一個(gè)概念的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)涵;或者認(rèn)定某個(gè)亊物符合某個(gè)定義，從而得出結(jié)論。例如：
論點(diǎn)：Radical feminists are not good citizens.
論據(jù)：Radical feminists lack family values.
推理依據(jù)：Family values characterize the good citizen.
三、因果關(guān)系論證法
將一個(gè)判斷放入一個(gè)因果關(guān)系中，指出它或者是原因，或者是結(jié)果。例如：
論點(diǎn)：The Internet may be causing depression.
論據(jù)：When a group of people increased their use of the Internet, they felt depressed.
推理依據(jù)：There are no other reasons for the group’s depression.
四、歸納推理論證法
從若干個(gè)具體亊例中推出共性的一般結(jié)論。例如:
論點(diǎn)：Everyone likes the movie.
論據(jù)：I know three people who like the movie.
推理依據(jù)：Three examples are enough.
五、列舉特征式論證法
指出某事物發(fā)生或者存在的征候或跡象。例如：
論點(diǎn)：The child has chickenpox.
論據(jù)：The child has red spots.
推理依據(jù)：These spots are signs of chickenpox
六、類比論證法
用我們已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的、不熟悉的事物加以比較，并用前者的情況解釋后者 的情況。分為三種：縱向類比(過(guò)去的事物同現(xiàn)在的、同一類事物的類比)、橫向類比(同一 時(shí)期、同一類事物之間的類比)、比喻式類比(不同類別亊物之間的類比)。例如：
1.縱向類比(Historical Analogy)
論點(diǎn)：Many people will die of SARS.
論據(jù)：Many people died of the Black Death.
推理依據(jù)：SARS and Black Death are similar.
2.橫向類比(Literal Analogy)
論點(diǎn)：China should have its fighter carriers.
論據(jù)：A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.
推理依據(jù)：The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.
3.比喻式類比(Metaphorical Analogy)
論點(diǎn)：Reading a difficult book should take time.
論據(jù)： Digesting a large meal takes time.
推理依據(jù)：Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared.
七、引用權(quán)威論證法
引用公認(rèn)的權(quán)威，或者論證自己就是權(quán)威從而對(duì)自己的觀點(diǎn)加以論證。例如:
論點(diǎn)：China’s economy will grow 8 percent this year.
論據(jù)：Professors and scientists say so.
推理依據(jù)：These experts are reliable.
八、訴諸常識(shí)法
利用人們的常識(shí)[包括：普遍性的價(jià)值觀念(universal values such as freedom, equality, supremacy of life, dignity and pursuit of happiness )、人們的普遍動(dòng)機(jī)(public motives: desire for love, shelter, food, security, wealth, knowledge, etc. )、生活常識(shí)(widely-accepted ideas and practices in life)進(jìn)行論證。例如：
1、訴諸普遍性的價(jià)值觀念(Universal Values)
論點(diǎn)：The university curriculum should be multicultural.
論據(jù)：A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.
推理依據(jù)： You value equality and acceptance.
2、訴諸普通動(dòng)機(jī)(Public Motives)
論點(diǎn)：You should support this candidate premier.
論據(jù)：The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighborhoods.
推理依據(jù)：You want job security and safe neighborhoods.
3、訴諸生活常識(shí)(Widely-accepted Ideas and Practices in Life)
論點(diǎn)：She was very kind to me.
論據(jù)：She treated me with the best tea she had.
推理依據(jù)： A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness.
九、反證法
假設(shè)一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是正確的，然而卻推導(dǎo)出荒謬的結(jié)論。例如：
論點(diǎn)：An industrious man must also be thrifty.
論據(jù)：With only industry but without thrift, the person will end up bankrupt.
推理依據(jù)：An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd.
十、統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)論證法
提供數(shù)據(jù)，以資論證。例如：
論點(diǎn)：We should end the current poverty-relief program.
論據(jù)：It costs $45 million per year.
推理依據(jù)：This is too much; it proves we should end it.
在實(shí)際的論證過(guò)程中，我們可能并不需要給出推理依據(jù)，而只是直接拿論據(jù)去證明論點(diǎn)。 比如，在演繹推理法的例子中，如果我們想證明論點(diǎn)“Demand for this product will go up”的正 確性，我們通常只需給出論據(jù)“The price of the product is sliding”就行了。這是因?yàn)樽x者的思想意識(shí)一般都已經(jīng)有了，或者都已經(jīng)認(rèn)可了 “Whenever prices of a product go down, demand for it rises”這個(gè)邏輯前提。但有時(shí)為了充分說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，作者也需要將推理依據(jù)及其合理性加以說(shuō) 明，并給出證明。比如，在引用權(quán)威法的例子中，為了證明論點(diǎn)“China’s economy will grow 8 percent this year”，我們會(huì)首先給出論據(jù)“Professors and scientists say so”。但為了使我們的論證更為可信，我們會(huì)進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明并證明推理依據(jù)“These expem are reliable”。
