雙語詩歌翻譯|孫武·《孫子兵法--形篇》

《孫子兵法--形篇》是春秋末年的齊國人孫武的作品。形篇是《孫子兵法》的第四篇，講的是具有客觀、穩(wěn)定、易見等性質的因素，如戰(zhàn)斗力的強弱、戰(zhàn)爭的物質準備。說詳細一點，這一篇是議論戰(zhàn)爭的攻守問題，而著重又是議論如何造成一種守必固、攻必克，以求“全勝”的形勢。

《孫子兵法---形篇》
孫子曰：
昔之善戰(zhàn)者，先為不可勝，以待敵之可勝。不可勝在己，可勝在敵。故善戰(zhàn)者，能為不可勝，不能使敵之必可勝。故曰：勝可知，而不可為。

不可勝者，守也；可勝者，攻也。守則不足，攻則有余。善守者藏于九地之下，善攻者動于九天之上，故能自保而全勝也。見勝不過眾人之所知，非善之善者也；戰(zhàn)勝而天下曰善，非善之善者也。故舉秋毫不為多力，見日月不為明目，聞雷霆不為聰耳。古之所謂善戰(zhàn)者，勝于易勝者也。故善戰(zhàn)者之勝也，無智名，無勇功，故其戰(zhàn)勝不忒。不忒者，其所措必勝，勝已敗者也。故善戰(zhàn)者，立于不敗之地，而不失敵之敗也。是故勝兵先勝而后求戰(zhàn)，敗兵先戰(zhàn)而后求勝。善用兵者，修道而保法，故能為勝敗之政。

兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰數(shù)，四曰稱，五曰勝。地生度，度生量，量生數(shù)，數(shù)生稱，稱生勝。故勝兵若以鎰稱銖，敗兵若以銖稱鎰。勝者之戰(zhàn)民也，若決積水于千仞之溪者，形也。

Dispositions

Sun WU

The skillful warriors in ancient times first made themselvesinvincible and then awaited the enemy's moment of vulnerability. Invincibilitydepends on oneself, but the enemy' vulnerability on himself. It follows thatthose skilled in war can make themselves invincible but cannot cause an enemyto be certainly vulnerable. Therefore, it can be said that, one may know how towin, but cannot necessarily do so.

Defend yourself when you cannot defeat the enemy, and attack theenemy when you can. One defends when his strength is inadequate; he attackswhen it is abundant. Those who are skilled in defense hide themselves as underthe nine-fold earth; [in ancient China, the number nine was used to signify thehighest number.] those in attack flash forth as from above the nine-foldheavens. Thus, they are capable both of protecting themselves and of gaining acomplete victory.

To foresee a victory which the ordinary man can foresee is not theacme of excellence. Neither is it if you triumph in battle and are universallyacclaimed 'expert,' for to lift an autumn down requires no great strength, todistinguish between the sun and moon is no test of vision, to hear thethunderclap is no indication of acute hearing. In ancient times, those calledskilled in war conquered an enemy easily conquered. And, therefore, thevictories won by a master of war gain him neither reputation for wisdom normerit for courage. For he wins his victories without erring. Without erring heestablishes the certainty of his victory; he conquers an enemy alreadydefeated. Therefore, the skillful commander takes up a position in which hecannot be defeated and misses no opportunity to overcome his enemy. Thus, avictorious army always seeks battle after his plans indicate that victory ispossible under them, whereas an army destined to defeat fights in the hope ofwinning but without any planning. Those skilled in war cultivate their policiesand strictly adhere to the laws and regulations. Thus, it is in their power tocontrol success.

Now, the elements of the art of war are first, the measurement ofspace; second, the estimation of quantities; third, calculations; fourth,comparisons; and fifth, chances of victory. Measurements of space are derivedfrom the ground. Quantities derive from measurement, figures from quantities,comparisons from figures, and victory from comparisons. Thus, a victorious armyis as one yi [an ancient Chinese weight, approximately equivalent to 24 ounces]balanced against a grain, and a defeated army is as a grain balanced againstone yi.

It is because of disposition that a victorious general is able tomake his soldiers fight with the effect of pent-up waters which, suddenlyreleased, plunge into a bottomless abyss.