雙語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌翻譯|孫武·《孫子兵法--計(jì)篇》

《孫子兵法--計(jì)篇》是春秋末年的齊國(guó)人孫武的作品?！队?jì)篇》是《孫子兵法》十三篇中的第一篇，對(duì)全書具有總綱的性質(zhì)。在這一篇里，講了四層意思：1. 講了軍事對(duì)于國(guó)家（指古代諸侯國(guó)）的極端重要性（“兵者，國(guó)之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也?！保?. 闡述了從宏觀戰(zhàn)略上看，決定戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝負(fù)的五個(gè)要素；3. 闡述了用兵要“因利而制權(quán)”的觀點(diǎn)，即要善于根據(jù)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)情勢(shì)的變化靈活機(jī)動(dòng)地運(yùn)用戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)術(shù)；4.強(qiáng)調(diào)了在用兵前進(jìn)行周密謀劃、運(yùn)籌的重要性。

《孫子兵法---計(jì)篇》
孫子曰：

兵者，國(guó)之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。

故經(jīng)之以五事，校之以計(jì)，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰將，五曰法。道者，令民于上同意，故可與之死，可與之生，而不畏危；天者，陰陽(yáng)、寒暑、時(shí)制也；地者，遠(yuǎn)近、險(xiǎn)易、廣狹、死生也；將者，智、信、仁、勇、嚴(yán)也；法者，曲制、官道、主用也。

凡此五者，將莫不聞，知之者勝，不知之者不勝。

故校之以計(jì)而索其情，曰：主孰有道？將孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵眾孰強(qiáng)？士卒孰練？賞罰孰明？吾以此知?jiǎng)儇?fù)矣。

將聽(tīng)吾計(jì)，用之必勝，留之；將不聽(tīng)吾計(jì)，用之必?cái)?，去之?br/>
計(jì)利以聽(tīng)，乃為之勢(shì)，以佐其外。勢(shì)者，因利而制權(quán)也。

兵者，詭道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之遠(yuǎn)，遠(yuǎn)而示之近。利而誘之，亂而取之，實(shí)而備之，強(qiáng)而避之，怒而撓之，卑而驕之，佚而勞之，親而離之，攻其無(wú)備，出其不意。此兵家之勝，不可先傳也。

夫未戰(zhàn)而廟算勝者，得算多也；未戰(zhàn)而廟算不勝者，得算少也。多算勝，少算不勝，而況于無(wú)算乎！吾以此觀之，勝負(fù)見(jiàn)矣。

Estimates

Sun Wu

War is a matter of vital importance to the state; a matter of life and death, the road either to survival or to ruin. Hence, it is imperative that it be studied thoroughly.

Therefore, appraise it in terms of the five fundamental factors and make comparisons of the various conditions of the antagonistic sides in order to ascertain the results of a war. The first of these factors is politics; the second, weather; the third, terrain; the fourth, the commander; and the fifth, doctrine. Politics means the thing which causes the people to be in harmony with their ruler so that they will follow him in disregard of their lives and without fear of any danger. Weather signifies night and day, cold and heat, fine days and rain, and change of seasons. Terrain means distances, and refers to whether the ground is traversed with ease or difficulty and to whether it is open or constricted, and influences your chances of life or death. The commander stands for the general's qualities of wisdom, sincerity, benevolence, courage, and strictness. Doctrine is to be understood as the organization of the army, the gradations of rank among the officers, the regulations of supply routes, and the provision of military materials to the army.

These five fundamental factors are familiar to every general. Those who master them win; those who do not are defeated. Therefore, in laying plans, compare the following seven elements, appraising them with the utmost care.

　　1.Which ruler is wise and more able?
　　2.Which commander is more talented?
　　3.Which army obtains the advantages of nature and the terrain?
　　4.In which army are regulations and instructions better carried out?
　　5.Which troops are stronger?
　　6.Which army has the better-trained officers and men?
　　7.Which army administers rewards and punishments in a more enlightened and correct way?

By means of these seven elements, I shall be able to forecast which side will be victorious and which will be defeated.

The general who heeds my counsel is sure to win. Such a general should be retained in command. One who ignores my counsel is certain to be defeated. Such a one should be dismissed.

Having paid attention to my counsel and plans, the general must create a situation which will contribute to their accomplishment. By 'situation' I mean he should take the field situation into consideration and act in accordance with what is advantageous.

All warfare is based on deception. Therefore, when capable of attacking, feign incapacity; when active in moving troops, feign inactivity. When near the enemy, make it seem that you are far away; when far away, make it seem that you are near. Hold out baits to lure the enemy. Strike the enemy when he is in disorder. Prepare against the enemy when he is secure at all points. Avoid the enemy for the time being when he is stronger. If your opponent is of choleric temper, try to irritate him. If he is arrogant, try to encourage his egotism. If the enemy troops are well prepared after reorganization, try to wear them down. If they are united, try to sow dissension among them. Attack the enemy where he is unprepared, and appear where you are not expected. These are the keys to victory for a strategist. It is not possible to formulate them in detail beforehand.

Now, if the estimates made before a battle indicate victory, it is because careful calculations show that your conditions are more favorable than those of your enemy; if they indicate defeat, it is because careful calculations show that favorable conditions for a battle are fewer. With more careful calculations, one can win; with less, one cannot. How much less chance of victory has one who makes no calculations at all! By this means, one can foresee the outcome of a battle.