大學(xué)英語精讀第二冊UNIT 3. Lesson from Jefferson

Jefferson died long ago, but may of his ideas still of great interest to us.

Lessons from Jefferson

    Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, may be less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, but most people remember at last one fact about him: he wrote the Declaration of Independence.
    Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much that we learn from him today. Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. Here are some of the things he said and wrote:
    Go and see. Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important. When still a young man, he was appointed to a committee to find out whether the South Branch of the James River was deep enough to be used by large boats. While the other members of the committee sat in the state capitol and studied papers on the subject, Jefferson got into a canoe and made on-the-spot-observations.
    You can learn from everyone. By birth and by education Jefferson belonged to the highest social class. Yet, in a day when few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters. Jefferson once said to the French nobleman, Lafayette, "You must go into the people's homes as I have done, look into their cooking pots and eat their bread. If you will only do this, you may find out why people are dissatisfied and understand the revolution that is threatening France."
Judge for yourself. Jefferson refused to accept other people's opinions without careful thought. "Neither believe nor reject anything," he wrote to his nephew, "because any other person has rejected or believed it. Heaved has given you a mind for judging truth and error. Use it."
Jefferson felt that the people "may safely be trusted to hear everything true and false, and to form a correct judgment. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter."
    Do what you believe is right. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas, and this is a source of strength. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive. Though Jefferson was for many years the object of strong criticism, he never answered his critics. He expressed his philosophy in letters to a friend, "There are two sides to every question. If you take one side with decision and on it with effect, those who take the other side will of course resent your actions."
Trust the future; trust the young. Jefferson felt that the present should never be chained to customs which have lost their usefulness. "No society," he said, "can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs to the living generation." He did not fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future. "How much pain," he remarked, "has been caused by evils which have never happened! I expect the best, not the worst. I steer my ship with hope, leaving fear behind."
    Jefferson's courage and idealism were based on knowledge. He probably knew more than any other man of his age. He was an expert in agriculture, archeology, and medicine. He practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice, and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. He influenced architecture throughout America, and he was constantly producing devices for making the tasks of ordinary life easier to perform.
Of all Jefferson's many talents, one is central. He was above all a good and tireless writer. His complete works, now being published for the first time, will fill more than fifty volumes. His talent as an author was soon discovered, and when the time came to write the Declaration of Independence at Philadelphia in 1776, the task of writing it was his. Millions have thrilled to his words: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal…"
When Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of American independence, he left his countrymen a rich legacy of ideas and examples. American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson, Who believed that only a nation of educated people could remain free.


NEW WORDS

    declaration
n.  document containing an open public announcement 宣言
    independence
n.  freedom from the control of others 獨立
    obtain
vt. get through effort 獲得
    source
n.  place from which sth. comes; place where a river starts （來）源；源頭
    personal
a.  done in person; belonging to a person 親自的；個人的
    investigation
n.  detailed or careful examination 調(diào)查
     investigate
vt.
    appoint
vt. put (sb.) in a position 任命
    appointment
n.  
    committee
n.  a group of people chosen for special duties 委員會
    capitol
n.  （美國）州議會大廈
    canoe
n.  light boat moved by a paddle 獨木舟
    on-the-spot
a.  at the place of the action 現(xiàn)場的
    humble
a.  low in position  地位低下的
    origin
n.  parentage; birth; beginning 血統(tǒng)；出身；起源
    gardener
n.  person who works in a garden either for pay or as a hobby 園丁
    waiter
n.  person who serves food to the tables in a restaurant （男）侍者
    nobleman
n.  貴族
    dissatisfy
vt. hang over dangerously; utter a threat against 使不滿
    threaten
vt. hang over dangerously; utter a threat against 威脅
    threat
n.
    reject
vt. refuse to take, believe, use of consider 拒絕
    rejection
n.
    nephew
n.  the son of one's brother or sister
    error
n.  mistake; sth. done wrongly
    false
a.  not true or correct
    judgment
n.  opinion 判斷， 看法
    hesitate
vi. feel doubtful; be undecided 猶豫，遲疑不決
    hesitation
n.
    prefer
vt. like better; choose (one thing) rather than (another) 更喜歡；寧愿
    preference
n.
    latter
a.  nearer to the end 后面的；后半的
n.  the second of two persons or things just spoken of 后者
    conflict
n.  be opposed; clash 沖突
n.  disagreement; clash; fight
    unquestioning 
a.  given or done without question or doubt
    agreement
n.  having the same opinion(s); thinking in the same way 同意；一致的
    criticism
n.  unfavourable remarks of judgments 批評
    critic
n.  person who makes judgments about the good and bad qualities of sth.; person who points out mistakes 評論家；批評者
    criticize
vt.
    philosophy
n.  哲學(xué)
    resent
vt. feel angry or bitter at  對...忿恨;對...不滿
    action
n.  the process of doing things; sth. done  行動過程；行動
    custom
n.  習(xí)慣,風(fēng)俗
    perpetual
a.  never-ending; going on for a long time or without stopping 永恒的;連續(xù)不斷的
    constitution
n.  憲法;章程
    living
a.  alive now 活(著)的
    remark
vt. say; comment 說;評論說
n.  話語;評論
    evil
n.  sth. bad; sin 邪惡,罪惡
a.  very bad 邪惡的,壞的
    idealism
n.  理想主義;唯心主義 
    arch(a)eology
n.  study of ancient things, esp. remains of prehistoric times 考古學(xué)
    rotation
n.  輪作;旋轉(zhuǎn) 
    rotate
v.
    conservation
n.  protecting from loss of from being used up 保護;保存
    conserve
vt.
    superior
a.  good or better in quality or value  較好的;優(yōu)的
    superiority
n.
    existence
n.  the state of existing 存在
    influence
vt. have an effect on  影響
    architecture
n.  art and science of building 建筑術(shù);建筑學(xué)
    constantly
ad. continuously; frequently 不斷地;經(jīng)常地
    constant
a.
    perform
vt. do, carry out 做,履行
    talent
n.  special natural ability 才能,天資
    central
a.  chief; main; most important 主要的
    tireless
a.  never or rarely getting tired
    writer
n.  a person who writes esp. as a way of earning money 作家
    publish
vt. have (a book, etc.) printed and put on sale 出版
    volume
n.  book, esp. one of a set of books  卷;冊
    thrill
vi. have a very exciting feeling 非常激動
    self-evident
a.  clear without proof 不言而喻的
    create
vt. make (sth. that has not been made before) 創(chuàng)造
    creation
n. 
    anniversary
n.  the yearly return of a special date 周年紀念日
    countryman
n.  a person from one's own country 周胞
    legacy
n.  sth. that one person leaves to another when he dies 遺產(chǎn)
    owe
vt. 欠(債等);應(yīng)把...歸功于
    debt
n.  something owed to someone else 債(務(wù))
    educate
vt. train; teach how to read, write, think, etc.

PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS

    go out of one's way (to do sth.)
    take particular trouble; make a special effort 特地
    leave...to
    leave sb. in charge of 交托,委托
    act on
    act according to 按照...行事
    leave behind
    abandon; fall to take or bring 丟棄;留下,忘帶
    in existence
    existing 存在
    above all
    most important of all 首先,尤其是


PROPER NAMES

    Bruce Bilven
    布魯斯.布利文
    Thomas Jefferson
    托馬斯.杰斐遜
    George Washington
    喬治.華盛頓
    Abraham Lincoln
    亞伯拉罕.林肯
    the Declaration of Independence
    《獨立宣言》
    the James River
    詹姆斯河
    Lafayette
    拉斐特
    France
    法國
    Heaven
    上帝；天堂
    Philadelphia
    費城（美國港市）