35. Jeffrey Sachs and Bolivia
One day in 1985 a former student invited the economist Jeffrey Sachs to attend a seminar on Bolivia, which was then suffering from 60,000 percent hyperinflation【1】 —a phenomenon which Sachs had studied and taught but had never actually seen first-hand 【2】 .
After the presentation he stood up. "I don't think it's like that—it's like this," he announced, approaching the blackboard. When he began drawing curves, another member of the audience challenged him: "If you think you know what to do, come to Bolivia."
Sachs laughed, but the invitation was not a joke. Returning home, Sachs found Bolivia on a map and, a few weeks later, boarded a plane. "That's what really fundamentally changed my life, my understanding of things," he later recalled, "the day I stepped off 【3】 the airplane in La Paz—July 9, 1985. And I found that the world was vastly more interesting and more complicated than my equations."
20 years later, the outlook in Bolivia was still rather bleak. "I always told the Bolivians, from the very beginning 【4】 , that what you have here is a miserable, poor economy with hyperinflation," Sachs recalled. "If you are brave, if you are gutsy, if you do everything right, you will end up with 【5】 a miserable, poor economy with stable prices."
杰弗里·薩克斯和玻利維亞
1985年的一天,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家杰弗里·薩克斯以前教過的一個(gè)學(xué)生邀請(qǐng)他參加一個(gè)有關(guān)玻利維亞問題的研討會(huì),當(dāng)時(shí)的玻利維亞正經(jīng)歷著60,000%的惡性通貨膨脹——對(duì)于這種現(xiàn)象杰弗里·薩克斯倒是研究過也教過學(xué)生,但是從來沒有真正碰到過。
作完報(bào)告后,薩克斯站了起來。“我認(rèn)為它不是那個(gè)樣子,而是這個(gè)樣子。”他邊說邊走向黑板。當(dāng)他開始在黑板上畫一些曲線的時(shí)候,聽眾中有一人向他發(fā)起了挑戰(zhàn):“如果你自認(rèn)為知道解決辦法,那就到玻利維亞來吧。”
薩克斯笑了笑,不過那人的邀請(qǐng)并非玩笑?;氐郊液?,薩克斯在地圖上找到了玻利維亞,幾周之后,他登上了一架飛往玻利維亞的飛機(jī)。“那個(gè)決定從根本上改變了我的生活,改變了我對(duì)事情的看法,”他后來回憶說,“我走下飛機(jī)來到拉巴斯的那一天是1985年7月9日。我當(dāng)時(shí)就發(fā)現(xiàn),這個(gè)世界比我的那些方程式有趣得多,也復(fù)雜得多。”
20年后,玻利維亞的前景依然非常暗淡。“我從一開始就常常告訴玻利維亞人,他們所面對(duì)的是一個(gè)伴有惡性通貨膨脹的糟糕經(jīng)濟(jì),”薩克斯回憶道,“如果他們有勇氣、有膽量而且事事做對(duì),他們將會(huì)最終得到一個(gè)沒有通貨膨脹的糟糕經(jīng)濟(jì)。”
背景知識(shí)與點(diǎn)評(píng)
·杰弗里·薩克斯(1954—?。┦敲绹?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家,哈佛大學(xué)歷史上最年輕的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授。他以幫助俄羅斯和東歐其他發(fā)展中國家實(shí)行“休克療法”(economic shock therapy)而聞名于世,被《時(shí)代》周刊兩次(2004年和2005年)評(píng)為“全球最有影響力的100人”之一。
·“休克療法”就是薩克斯作為政府經(jīng)濟(jì)顧問先在玻利維亞實(shí)施的,措施包括:全面實(shí)行市場經(jīng)濟(jì)、終止政府補(bǔ)貼、取消配給制、幣值和美元掛鉤等,最終將通貨膨脹率降到了11%。但是批評(píng)者認(rèn)為薩克斯的“休克療法”讓玻利維亞變得更加貧窮,因?yàn)殡S之而來的是失業(yè)率增加和產(chǎn)出減少。
·1990年,波蘭政府引進(jìn)了“休克療法”。薩克斯建議將國家財(cái)產(chǎn)私有化,經(jīng)過起初的經(jīng)濟(jì)短缺和通貨膨脹后,波蘭經(jīng)濟(jì)最終穩(wěn)定了下來。
·1991年底,俄羅斯復(fù)制波蘭經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行“休克療法”,起初也經(jīng)歷了經(jīng)濟(jì)混亂,但現(xiàn)在成了“金磚四國”之一。
·薩克斯是少數(shù)能夠脫離經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的方程式而深入經(jīng)濟(jì)生活進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)踐的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家之一。
·經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)上將通貨膨脹分為溫和的通貨膨脹(通貨膨脹率在10%以內(nèi))、急劇的通貨膨脹(通貨膨脹率在10%以上50%以下)和惡性通貨膨脹(通貨膨脹率在50%以上)。
英語知識(shí)鏈接
【1】 hyperinflation:極度通貨膨脹,惡性通貨膨脹
【2】 first-hand:直接地
【3】 step off:(從…上)走下來
【4】 from the very beginning:從一開始,從最初
【5】 end up with:以…告終