馬克龍欲重啟國民兵役制度 要求所有16歲法國公民強制服役
French President Emmanuel Macron attends a ceremony marking the 78th anniversary of late French General Charles de Gaulle's resistance call of June 18, 1940, at the Mont Valerien memorial in Suresnes, near Paris, France, June 18, 2018. REUTERS
The new national service will cover all 16-year-olds, girls as well as boys, and will be divided into two distinct phases.
新國民服役計劃將分為兩個不同階段，覆蓋所有年滿16歲的法國公民。
兩個階段的國民服役計劃
The first phase is a mandatory one-month placement with a focus on civic culture, which the government says will "enable young people to create new relationships and develop their role in society".
第一階段是為期一個月的義務工作，與公民文化相關。法國政府稱，這將“使年輕人能夠結交新朋友，培養(yǎng)他們適應社會”。
This includes activities such as charity work, voluntary teaching, or military preparation with the police, fire service or army.
這一階段的活動包括慈善工作、志愿教學或警察、消防或軍隊的軍事預備訓練。
The second phase is a voluntary placement of at least three months and up to a year, in which young people will be encouraged to serve "in an area linked to defense and security" - but again, they could opt to carry out volunteer work linked to heritage, the environment or social care.
第二階段是至少三個月、至多一年的志愿工作，該階段鼓勵年輕人在“國防和安全相關領域”服務，但他們也可以選擇從事與文化遺產、環(huán)境或社會關懷相關的志愿工作。
打折扣的兵役方案
It's not quite the program Mr Macron initially had in mind.
這一計劃并不是馬克龍的最初設想。
When he first floated the idea, during the 2017 race for the presidency, it was a sort of military service in miniature, with all French citizens forced to have a "direct experience of military life" for a minimum of one month between the ages of 18 and 21.
他在2017年總統(tǒng)競選中第一次提出的是一種小型兵役政策，要求所有年齡在18-21歲的法國公民必須“親身體驗至少為期一個月的軍旅生活”。
That's now been softened and broadened into what's being called a Universal National Service - partly because of concerns that it would cost too much and overburden the country's armed forces.
該計劃現(xiàn)在已經緩和并放寬為所謂的“普遍國民服役”，其中部分原因是擔心兵役開銷過多，國家武裝力量超負荷。
Even now, the program is estimated to cost €1.6bn a year to run, with €1.75bn of investment up front.
盡管這樣，這項計劃預計每年仍要耗資16億歐元(約合人民幣122億元)，前期投入17.5億歐元(約合人民幣134億元)。
馬卡龍的意圖是什么?
The goal of this new-style national service, the government says, is to encourage young French citizens to take part in the life of the nation, and promote social cohesion.
法國政府稱，這種新式國民服役計劃旨在鼓勵法國年輕人參與國家生活，促進社會的凝聚力。
Consultations will now begin, with a view to rolling out the program from early next year.
該計劃的咨詢工作將從現(xiàn)在啟動，計劃明年年初開始實施。
But there is still a lot of detail to be hammered out, not least the legal basis.
但國民服役計劃仍有許多細節(jié)有待完善，尤其是法律依據方面。
A working group, set up to look into the scheme, has warned that the French constitution bans the state from forcing an entire section of the population to spend time away from home, except in the case of national defense.
研究這項計劃的工作小組警告稱，法國憲法禁止國家強制全國民眾遠離家鄉(xiāng)，除非是國防需要。
國民服役計劃受歡迎嗎?
Even before it was announced, 14 youth organizations objected to the "inconsistencies" in the plan, unhappy with the idea of being forced to take part in a project. "Choosing a commitment is just as important as the commitment itself, if not more so," they argued, calling for young people to be able to exercise freedom of choice.
在這項計劃公布之前，就有14個青年組織反對其中的“矛盾之處”，對于強制服役的想法感到不滿。他們認為，“選擇服役和服役本身起碼是同樣重要的”。并呼吁年輕人能夠行使選擇的自由。
More broadly, about 60% of the population are in favor, according to a YouGov poll carried out in March, although the number dips to just below half when younger people are asked for their views.
YouGoV三月份進行的民調顯示，在廣義層面，約60%的法國人贊成國民服役計劃，但當問及年輕人的看法時，這一數(shù)字下降到一半以下。
Mr Macron is the first French president not to have done military service; it was scrapped for the new intake in 1996, when Mr Macron was 18.
馬克龍是第一位沒有服過兵役的法國總統(tǒng);1996年，法國的兵役制度在18歲的馬克龍即將入伍之年取消了。
Before that, all young French men were expected to serve for the best part of a year in the armed forces. When the old post-war draft ended, in 1997, there was a collective sigh of relief. Amid the nostalgia, many people here recognized that it had become a social exercise rather than a military one.
在此之前，所有法國年輕男性都要在軍隊中服役一年。1997年，舊的戰(zhàn)后草案結束時，法國人集體松了一口氣。在對過去的懷念中，許多人此時認識到服役已經成為一種社會鍛煉而非軍事需要。
Twenty years later, it's that social cohesion President Macron now wants to recapture.
時隔二十年后，馬克龍想要重新恢復的正是那種社會凝聚力。
世界各國的兵役制度
Israel's compulsory military service is three years for men and two years for women
以色列義務兵役制要求男性服役三年，女性服役兩年。
Scandinavian countries, Switzerland, Austria, and Greece are among the European countries that still have compulsory military service
北歐國家、瑞士、奧地利和希臘是仍保留義務兵役制的歐洲國家。
India has never had mandatory military service, even during British rule. It has the world's second largest army, made up of volunteers
即使在英國殖民時期，印度也從未實行過義務兵役制。印度擁有世界第二大軍隊，由志愿兵組成。
The last time men were called to duty through conscription was 1960 in the UK and 1973 in the US
英國最后一次強制征兵是在1960年，美國是在1973年。
Iran has two-year mandatory service for men, though there are exceptions for only sons, doctors and fire fighters, and gay and transgender people
伊朗的義務兵役制為兩年，對象為男性，但獨生子、醫(yī)生、消防員以及同性戀和變性人除外。
