工廠使用學(xué)生工折射出中國勞動力缺口

The admission from Apple supplier Foxconn that students worked illegal overtime at its iPhone manufacturing plant underscores how Chinese companies are turning to schools to fill gaps in the country’s labour force.

蘋果(Apple)供應(yīng)商富士康(Foxconn)承認(rèn)有學(xué)生在其iPhone制造工廠違法加班，明確顯示出中國企業(yè)正在借助學(xué)校填補該國的勞動力缺口。

The FT has spoken to six people who said they were part of a cohort of 3,000 student interns from Zhengzhou Urban Rail Transit School sent on compulsory “work experience” at the local Foxconn facility. There they assembled iPhones — a task that had nothing to do with their studies to become train attendants and railway managers.

英國《金融時報》采訪了6個人，他們說，鄭州城軌交通中等專業(yè)學(xué)校(Zhengzhou Urban Rail Transit School)有3000名學(xué)生被派往當(dāng)?shù)馗皇靠倒S獲得必需的“工作經(jīng)驗”，他們也在其中。在那里，他們的工作是組裝iPhone，而他們在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)的是如何成為乘務(wù)員和城市軌道運營管理師。

Foxconn confirmed the Zhengzhou students “did work overtime in violation of our policy”. Students are banned under Chinese law from working overtime.

富士康證實稱，鄭州那些學(xué)生“確實加班工作，違反了我們的政策”。中國法律禁止學(xué)生加班工作。

Such companies are resorting to employing students as Chinese manufacturers wrestle with rising wages and the difficulty of finding flexible workers.

眼下，中國制造業(yè)企業(yè)正在艱難應(yīng)對工資上漲和難以找到靈活勞動力的問題。

The sectors most likely to abuse student labour are the electronics and textiles industries, according to the Center for Child Rights and Corporate Social Responsibility. The Beijing-based charity found that 14 of the 24 electronics factories it surveyed said they used student workers.

關(guān)注兒童權(quán)利和企業(yè)社會責(zé)任問題的瑞聯(lián)稚博(CCR CSR)稱，電子產(chǎn)品和紡織是最可能濫用學(xué)生工的行業(yè)。這家在北京設(shè)有辦事處的機構(gòu)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在其調(diào)查的24家電子產(chǎn)品工廠里，有14家表示使用過學(xué)生工。

China’s local governments are under pressure to supply flexible labour to factories to stop employers relocating their facilities to other Asian countries. At the same time, Beijing is aware that young people must be educated to a higher standard if the country is to shed its low-cost tag and compete globally.

中國地方政府面臨著向工廠提供靈活勞動、以防止企業(yè)把工廠遷至其他亞洲國家的壓力。同時，中國政府知道，如果想讓本國甩掉低成本的標(biāo)簽、參與全球競爭的話，那就必須提高青年人的教育程度。

Scott Rozelle, co-director of the Rural Education Action Program at Stanford University, says the compulsory recruitment of student interns into factories is widespread across China. “It’s not just Foxconn sending students to factories but the whole of China,” he says.

斯坦福大學(xué)(Stanford University)農(nóng)村教育行動項目(Rural Education Action Program)聯(lián)席主任羅斯高(Scott Rozelle)表示，強迫學(xué)生進入工廠實習(xí)的現(xiàn)象在中國各地非常普遍。“把學(xué)生送進工廠的不只是富士康，整個中國都在這么做。”他說。

He fears the tension between China’s rising wealth and its inadequate education system will have serious consequences. “Kids aren’t learning in these internships . . . China is going to collapse if its human capital continues to be so bad and so unequal.”

他擔(dān)心，中國不斷增加的財富與其不勝任的教育系統(tǒng)之間的矛盾，將產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重后果。“孩子們沒有在這類實習(xí)中學(xué)到東西……如果人力資本如此糟糕、如此失衡的局面延續(xù)下去，那么中國將走向崩潰。”

Ms Yang, an 18-year-old secondary school student, told the FT that she and the other interns worked 11-hour days assembling Apple’s new iPhone X.

一位18歲、姓楊(音譯)的女中學(xué)生告訴英國《金融時報》，她和其他實習(xí)生每天工作11小時，組裝蘋果新推出的iPhone X手機。

“If I don’t stay [at Foxconn] I won’t graduate school, but my body can’t take it,” says Ms Yang, who declined to give her full name for fear of being identified. “My mum says if I can’t stand it, maybe I can leave school and work with my dad.”

“如果我不呆在(富士康)，我就畢不了業(yè)，但我身體受不了這個。”這位楊姓女生說，“我媽媽說，要是我受不了，也許我可以退學(xué)，然后跟我爸一起干活。”她拒絕透露全名，害怕被人認(rèn)出來。

If she did drop out of education, it would add to a trend that threatens Beijing’s target of a 90 per cent enrolment rate for upper-secondary education by 2020.

如果她當(dāng)時真的退學(xué)了，那將是為一種不利于中國政府實現(xiàn)如下教育目標(biāo)的趨勢做貢獻：到2020年高中階段教育毛入學(xué)率達(dá)到90%。

In 2016, only 9.3m students graduated from China’s upper-secondary schools, less than two-thirds of that age cohort, according to official statistics.

官方統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2016年，中國高中畢業(yè)人數(shù)僅為930萬人，低于該年齡組總?cè)藬?shù)的三分之二。

Economists believe China must upgrade its workforce to avoid falling into the “middle income trap” — where a country’s growth fizzles out before it becomes prosperous.

經(jīng)濟學(xué)家認(rèn)為，中國必須進行勞動力升級才能避免落入“中等收入陷阱”——這是指一個國家還未達(dá)到富裕水平就停止了增長。

The country has expanded its vocational schooling as part of its Made In China 2025 industrial policy. But with no national assessment of teaching quality, those schools have become a source of flexible labour for local factories.

作為“中國制造2025”產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的一部分，中國擴大了職業(yè)教育規(guī)模。但由于對教學(xué)質(zhì)量缺乏國家考核，這些學(xué)校已成為當(dāng)?shù)毓S彈性勞動力的一個來源。

“Improving the quality of vocational education is necessary to address the major changes and contradictions in Chinese society,” Zhang Laiming, vice-minister of the State Council’s Development Research Center, said at a recent forum organised by JPMorgan in Beijing.

在摩根大通(JPMorgan)最近于北京舉辦的一場論壇上，國務(wù)院下屬發(fā)展研究中心(Development Research Center)副主任張來明表示：“提升職業(yè)教育發(fā)展質(zhì)量是適應(yīng)中國社會主要矛盾變化的必然選擇。”

He said the quality of vocational school tuition in China was poor and that vocational education was looked down upon by employers and parents. Thirty-six per cent of China’s new workers are from vocational schools. 他說，中國的職業(yè)學(xué)校教育質(zhì)量不高，雇主和家長都瞧不起職業(yè)教育。中國36%的新入職工人來自職業(yè)學(xué)校。

In response to abuses of student interns from vocational schools, the government has passed laws limiting the use of students to less than six months and has banned overtime. But Yang Po, an associate professor at Peking University, says schools have “faced big challenges in adjusting to these laws”.

為了應(yīng)對濫用職業(yè)學(xué)校實習(xí)生的問題，政府已經(jīng)通過了相關(guān)法律，將學(xué)生的實習(xí)時間限制在6個月以內(nèi)，并且禁止他們加班工作。但北京大學(xué)(Peking University)副教授楊釙表示，職業(yè)學(xué)校“在調(diào)整做法、以適應(yīng)這些法律方面面臨巨大挑戰(zhàn)”。

SACOM, the Hong Kong-based workers’ rights group, earlier this year found that tech groups Acer and Fujitsu sourced their goods from such students. SACOM claims that students comprised about half of the workers on assembly lines at a Quanta Computer factory in Chongqing that supplies Acer and Fujitsu.

香港維護勞工權(quán)益組織“大學(xué)師生監(jiān)察無良企業(yè)行動”(SACOM)今年早些時候發(fā)現(xiàn)，科技集團宏碁(Acer)和富士通(Fujitsu)的產(chǎn)品就出自此類學(xué)生之手。SACOM指稱，在廣達(dá)電腦(Quanta Computer)位于重慶的一家工廠，裝配線上約一半的工人都是學(xué)生。這家工廠為宏碁和富士通供貨。

Quanta Computer, the world’s biggest laptop manufacturer, said: “We have treated the allegations seriously and hence strongly demanded our agents to ensure the justifiability of their labour sources.”

全球最大筆記本電腦制造商廣達(dá)電腦表示：“我們對這些指控非常重視，因此已態(tài)度堅決地向我們的代理商提出要求，讓它們確保合法使用勞工。”

Acer confirmed student workers are used in some factories to “ease labour pressure”, while Fujitsu declined to comment on the Quanta factory. Both companies said they insisted on adherence to local laws when selecting suppliers.

宏碁證實，一些工廠的確在使用學(xué)生工“緩解人手壓力”，而富士通拒絕就廣達(dá)電腦那家工廠置評。兩家公司都表示，在選擇供應(yīng)商時，它們都堅持一點：必須遵守當(dāng)?shù)胤伞?/p>

Of the student interns working illegal overtime at Foxconn’s Zhengzhou factory, Apple said: “We have confirmed the students worked voluntarily, were compensated and provided benefits, but they should not have been allowed to work overtime.”

針對富士康鄭州工廠實習(xí)生違法加班的問題，蘋果表示：“我們已經(jīng)確認(rèn)，這些學(xué)生是自愿工作的，他們得到了報酬和福利，但他們不應(yīng)獲準(zhǔn)加班。”

After the FT published the Zhengzhou plant story on Tuesday, all student interns were removed from overtime duty, according to a Foxconn employee at the facility.

該廠一名富士康員工表示，英國《金融時報》周二刊發(fā)關(guān)于富士康鄭州工廠的報道后，所有實習(xí)生都已被撤下加班名單。

Ms Yang has now left the factory and returned to her school dormitory, where she awaits her teachers’ decision on whether she will be punished for her departure or told to return to Foxconn with next year’s students.

楊同學(xué)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)離開該廠，返回了學(xué)校宿舍，她正在等待老師的決定——或因離廠而受到處罰，或是被告知與明年的學(xué)生一起返回富士康。

“[Student labour] is also the problem of the rigidity and backwardness of the school system, and of the labour market,” says a Foxconn manager. “It is the problem of the whole system.”

“(學(xué)生勞動力)既是學(xué)校體制僵化和落后造成的問題，也是勞動力市場的問題。”富士康一名管理人員表示，“這是整個體制的問題。”