在火奴魯魯，過馬路時(shí)看手機(jī)請(qǐng)交35美元

You see them everywhere: people walking with their eyes glued to their mobile phone screens on busy streets. But walking and texting can be dangerous — and cities in the United States and Europe have begun to do something about it.

他們行走在擁擠的街頭，眼睛卻絕不離開手機(jī)屏幕，這樣的人無處不在。但是邊走路邊發(fā)短信可能會(huì)非常危險(xiǎn)——對(duì)此，美國(guó)和歐洲的城市已經(jīng)開始采取行動(dòng)了。

Honolulu has passed a law, which will take effect Wednesday, that allows the police to fine pedestrians up to $35 for viewing their electronic devices while crossing streets in the city and surrounding county. Honolulu is thought to be the first major city to enact such a ban.

火奴魯魯通過了一項(xiàng)將于周三生效的法案，它允許該市及周邊郡縣的警察對(duì)過馬路時(shí)查看電子設(shè)備的人處以35美元罰款。該市是第一個(gè)制定這種禁令的大城市。

“This is really milestone legislation that sets the bar high for safety,” said Brandon Elefante, the City Council member who proposed the bill. Pedestrians, he said, will share the responsibility for their safety with motorists.

“這是一個(gè)立法里程碑，為安全樹立了高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，”提出該法案的市議員布蘭登·埃萊凡特(Brandon Elefante)說。他說，行人與機(jī)動(dòng)車駕駛者應(yīng)當(dāng)共同為安全負(fù)起責(zé)任。

In the United States, pedestrian deaths in 2016 spiked 9 percent from the year before, rising to 5,987, the highest toll on American roads since 1990, according to federal data. One reason may be the sharp rise in smartphone use, “a frequent source of mental and visual distraction” for both drivers and walkers, a report by the Governors Highway Safety Association found.

根據(jù)聯(lián)邦數(shù)據(jù)，在美國(guó)，2016年行人在交通事故中的死亡人數(shù)比上年增長(zhǎng)了9%，上升到5987人，死亡率為1990年以來最高。智能手機(jī)使用的急劇上升可能是原因之一，美國(guó)州際高速公路安全協(xié)會(huì)(Governors Highway Safety Association)的一份報(bào)告說，智能手機(jī)是“導(dǎo)致司機(jī)和行人精神和視覺分心的常見原因”。

“I’m guilty myself,” said Charles Chan Massey, chief executive of Synaxis Meetings & Events, a management firm, who uses the time walking to and from meetings and business lunches to catch up on calls, texts and emails.

“這種事我也會(huì)干，”從事企業(yè)管理的辛納克西斯會(huì)議與活動(dòng)公司(Synaxis Meetings&Events)的首席執(zhí)行官查爾斯·錢·麥西(Charles Chan Massey)表示，他總是利用外出吃商務(wù)午餐來回步行的時(shí)間打電話、發(fā)短信和處理電子郵件。

“A lot of people do it; they know it’s risky and do it anyway. They convince themselves that ‘this text is important,'” he said. “It’s something we need to be aware of.”

“很多人都這么做。他們知道這是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的，可還是這么做了。他們說服自己，‘這個(gè)短信很重要’”，他說。“我們需要注意這件事。”

There is a dearth of data directly linking distracted walking to pedestrian injuries and deaths, but it seems to be a global problem, too. Preliminary studies “give a hint to unsafe behavior,” said Dr. Etienne Krug, director of the Department for Management of Noncommunicable Diseases, Disability, Violence and Injury Prevention at the World Health Organization.

關(guān)于行人注意力不集中同他們?cè)诮煌ㄊ鹿手惺軅蛩劳龅年P(guān)聯(lián)，目前尚不存在直接證據(jù)，但這似乎是一個(gè)全球性的問題。世界衛(wèi)生組織非傳染性疾病、殘疾，暴力和傷害預(yù)防司(Department for Management of Noncommunicable Diseases, Disability, Violence and Injury Prevention at the World Health Organization)司長(zhǎng)艾蒂安·克魯格(Etienne Krug)博士說，初步研究“表明這是一種不安全行為”。

People who text and walk, for example, are nearly four times as likely to engage in at least one dangerous action, like jaywalking or not looking both ways, and take 18 percent more time to cross a street than undistracted pedestrians. Solutions, Krug said, are “hard to legislate and even harder to enforce.”

例如，邊走路邊發(fā)短信的人做出至少一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)行為的可能性要高出四倍，他們可能會(huì)亂穿馬路，或者過馬路時(shí)不左右看;而且他們過馬路的時(shí)間要比注意力集中的行人多18%。至于解決方案，克魯格說，“立法很難，執(zhí)法就更難了。”

A number of other cities have come up with creative ways to help protect cellphone zombies, who talk, text, listen to music, check their email and even snap selfies. Initiatives include low-tech efforts, like edgy signs in Hayward, California. (“Heads Up! Cross the Street. Then Update Facebook.”) and no-selfie zones in Mumbai, India, and specially designed traffic lights in Europe and several pieces of legislation in reaction to Honolulu’s new law.

其他城市已經(jīng)提出種種創(chuàng)新方式來保護(hù)這些一邊走路一邊打電話、發(fā)短信、聽音樂、檢查電子郵件，甚至自拍的手機(jī)僵尸們。其中包括一些低科技舉措，比如加利福尼亞州海沃德市一則激動(dòng)的標(biāo)語(yǔ)。(“抬頭!過馬路。然后再刷Facebook”);印度孟買設(shè)立了禁自拍區(qū);歐洲有了特殊設(shè)計(jì)的紅綠燈，還有一些地方提出了與火奴魯魯新法規(guī)類似的立法。

Last month, the Board of Supervisors in San Mateo County, California, unanimously passed a resolution prohibiting pedestrians’ use of cellphones while crossing streets. It’s not enforceable, as state law governs such issues, but David Canepa, who introduced the measure, said it was an important springboard; the resolution is expected to go to the California Legislature for statewide consideration in January.

上個(gè)月，加州圣馬特奧縣督察委員會(huì)一致通過了一項(xiàng)決議，禁止行人過馬路時(shí)使用手機(jī)。這是無法執(zhí)行的，因?yàn)檫@些問題屬州法范疇，但是該措施的提出者戴維·卡內(nèi)帕(David Canepa)說，這是一個(gè)重要的跳板;該決議預(yù)計(jì)將于明年1月提交加利福尼亞州議會(huì)，考慮在全州實(shí)施。

Critics are concerned about personal freedom and slow to adjust to new ideas, Canepa said. “But at the end of the day, people understand the value of public safety,” he added. “This legislation is practical and is common sense. It will save lives.”

卡內(nèi)帕說，批評(píng)者們擔(dān)心人身自由方面的問題，他們對(duì)新想法的適應(yīng)很慢。“但人們最終會(huì)了解它在公共安全方面的價(jià)值，”他補(bǔ)充說。“這個(gè)立法很實(shí)際，而且符合我們的日常認(rèn)知。它是能救命的法。”

At least 10 states have debated similar legislation dealing with distracted pedestrians or bicyclists; none of it has passed, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. Legislation is pending in two states, the group said, and in September, New York passed a law that directs New York City to study its efforts to educate the public on the dangers of distracted walking.

至少有10個(gè)州已就行人或騎行人注意力不集中進(jìn)行了類似的立法辯論;然而根據(jù)全美州議會(huì)聯(lián)合會(huì)(National Conference of State Legislatures)統(tǒng)計(jì)，沒有一個(gè)州通過類似法案。該聯(lián)合會(huì)表示，相關(guān)立法在兩個(gè)州內(nèi)尚待表決，9月份，紐約州通過一項(xiàng)法律，要求紐約市研究如何讓公眾明白，在行走時(shí)注意力不集中是有危險(xiǎn)的。

Municipal laws are not tracked, but Rexburg, Idaho, may have been among the first to adopt a citywide ban, in 2011. The city recorded five pedestrian deaths in a short period in a concentrated area. It was a high toll, given the city’s size: about 35,000 residents.

市級(jí)法律是不受追蹤的，但是于2011年通過相關(guān)法律的艾奧瓦州雷克斯堡可能是最早在全市范圍實(shí)施禁令的城市。該市一個(gè)人口集中地區(qū)在很短時(shí)期內(nèi)就有五名行人死亡。對(duì)于一個(gè)大約只有3.5萬名居民的城市來說，這個(gè)死亡率相當(dāng)高 。

“It was a shock to our system,” said Stephen Zollinger, Rexburg’s city attorney.

雷克斯堡市檢察官史蒂芬·佐林格(Stephen Zollinger)說：“這對(duì)我們的系統(tǒng)來說是一種震撼。”

Distracted walking was suspected. Along with other safety measures, Rexburg barred pedestrians from using hand-held devices — except while talking — while crossing public streets, he said, and “we’ve not had a pedestrian fatality since.”

人們懷疑行走時(shí)注意力不集中是罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。除了采取其他安全措施，雷克斯堡還禁止行人在過馬路時(shí)使用手持裝置——除非是正在打電話，佐林格說，“從那以后，我們這里就再也沒有行人在交通事故中死亡。”

Bodegraven, a small town near Amsterdam, tried a different approach. This year, it embedded LED-illuminated strips in the crosswalk at a busy intersection — right in the line of sight of people staring at their phones. When the traffic lights turn red or green, so do the lights at ground level, alerting pedestrians when it’s safe to cross.

博德赫拉芬是阿姆斯特丹附近的一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)，它嘗試了另一種做法。今年，它在一條繁忙的十字路口的人行橫道上嵌入了條形LED燈，盯著手機(jī)的人過馬路時(shí)也能看見。當(dāng)交通信號(hào)燈變成紅色或綠色時(shí)，地面上的燈也會(huì)隨之變色，還能在馬路可以安全通行時(shí)提醒行人。

The pilot program aims to anticipate trends, not reverse them, said Dolf Roodenburg, the project leader and a traffic engineer in the Netherlands. If it’s successful, the town hopes to install the lights at more intersections and on bike paths, and offer them to other cities.

該項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人、荷蘭交通工程師杜爾夫·盧登堡(Dolf Roodenburg)說，這個(gè)試點(diǎn)計(jì)劃旨在預(yù)測(cè)趨勢(shì)，而不是扭轉(zhuǎn)趨勢(shì)。如果取得成功，該市希望在更多十字路口和自行車道上安裝這種LED燈，并將它們提供給其他城市。

In Augsburg, Germany, similar lights were installed last year after a teenager using her smartphone was struck and seriously injured by a tram when she walked onto the tracks.

在德國(guó)的奧格斯堡，去年曾有一個(gè)年輕人在橫穿電車軌道時(shí)使用智能手機(jī)，結(jié)果被電車撞倒，受了重傷，之后該市也安裝了類似的LED燈。

There are, of course, contrary points of view on the effectiveness of legislating pedestrian behavior.

當(dāng)然，也有人認(rèn)為，對(duì)行人進(jìn)行立法約束并不會(huì)產(chǎn)生成效。

Janette Sadik-Khan, a former commissioner of the New York City Department of Transportation and now transportation principal at Bloomberg Associates, which advises mayors around the world, said laws against texting and walking were not the answer. They have no basis in any research, are poorly conceived and distract from the road design and driver behavior issues that are responsible for most crashes, she said.

前紐約市交通運(yùn)輸部(New York City Department of Transportation)部長(zhǎng)、現(xiàn)任彭博合伙人公司(Bloomberg Associates)運(yùn)輸主管的珍尼特·薩迪克-汗(Janette Sadik-Khan)表示，立法禁止邊走路邊發(fā)短信不能解決問題，該公司專門向世界各地的市長(zhǎng)提供咨詢。她說，這樣的立法沒有任何研究作為依據(jù)，設(shè)計(jì)欠佳，把人們的注意力從道路設(shè)計(jì)問題和司機(jī)行為問題上引開，而這兩點(diǎn)才是大多數(shù)交通事故的原因。

“It’s an easy way out. Engineering is a lot more difficult, but a lot more efficient,” Sadik-Khan said. “Traffic safety is very serious business in government, based in sound analysis.”

“這是一個(gè)偷懶的辦法。進(jìn)行工程改造更為困難，但效率更高，”薩迪克-汗說。“對(duì)于政府來說，建立在可靠分析上的交通安全是一件非常嚴(yán)肅的事情。”