中國努力鼓勵器官捐獻

When someone in the eastern Chinese city of Wuxi suffers brain death after an accident or illness, Qian Gongtao is among the first to know. Tipped off by doctors, he rushes to bereaved relatives at the deceased’s bedside.

在位于中國華東地區(qū)的無錫市，如果有人因事故或疾病出現(xiàn)腦死亡，錢公淘將是最早得知的人之一。在醫(yī)生的通知下，他匆匆走向守在死者床邊的親屬。

But the white-coated Mr Qian is no physician. His government-issued card reads “organ donation facilitator”, a thousands-strong new profession created to address the country’s chronic shortage of organs for donation.

身穿白袍的錢公淘不是醫(yī)生，政府發(fā)給他的工作證上寫著“器官捐獻協(xié)調員”，這一新職業(yè)是為了解決中國長期缺乏器官捐贈的問題而設立的，有數(shù)千名從業(yè)者。

Just over 4,000 Chinese people donated organs in China last year, while 300,000 waited for transplants.

去年中國的器官捐贈者剛超過4000人，而等待移植者為30萬。

Donation rates — 2.98 per million people compared with double-digit rates in the EU — are “small and pathetic”, according to Liu Xiuqin, head of a Chinese organ charity. The shortage has been deepened by a 2015 ban on the use of executed prisoner's organs, long the main source for transplants.

中國的器官捐贈率為每百萬人2.98人，而歐洲這一數(shù)字達到兩位數(shù)。中國一家器官移植慈善團體的負責人劉秀琴表示，國內捐贈率“少得可憐”。隨著中國于2015年起禁止使用死刑犯器官——長期以來器官移植的主要來源——器官短缺進一步加深。

“We present it to families as a chance to do a good thing,” said Mr Qian of his main persuasion method. The softly spoken 35-year-old deals with about four cases per month but the vast majority of his efforts are fruitless because of a lack of tradition of organ donation.

錢公淘說他的主要勸說方式是，“告訴家屬這是個做好事的機會”。言談溫和的錢公淘今年35歲，每月要處理四個案例，但由于中國缺乏器官捐獻傳統(tǒng)，他的絕大多數(shù)努力都是徒勞。

Regulations stipulate that all direct family members including parents and spouses must sign off on any donation. “One successful case in 10 is a good ratio,” he said.

器官捐獻條例規(guī)定，任何捐獻都必須有包括家長和配偶在內的所有直系親屬的簽字。錢公淘說：“10個案例里面能有一個成功的，這比例就不錯了。”

China has hired about 2,000 donation facilitators in recent years, a quarter of whom were trained in 2016, with salaries of up to Rmb10,000 ($1,450) a month.

近年來中國聘用了約2000名器官捐獻協(xié)調員，其中四分之一是在2016年接受培訓的，該職業(yè)月薪高達1萬元人民幣(合1450美元)。

“We are developing from a very low base,” said Hou Fengzong, who runs a state-funded training facility in Beijing. “We use indirect methods to explain to relatives that they can still give life to others. It requires a great deal of skill.”

在北京經營一家國家資助培訓機構的侯鳳宗(音)說：“我們是從一個非常低的基礎上發(fā)展起來的。我們委婉地向家屬解釋，他們可以賦予別人以生命。這需要大量技巧。”

Mr Qian insists that donations “must be voluntary” but he is able to marshal a range of incentives. “If you donate, then if you have any requests from the government, such as with schooling, of if you have any problems, then we can help,” he said.

錢公淘堅稱捐獻“必須是自愿的”，但他可以安排一些鼓勵措施。他說：“如果你捐了，那么你要是對政府有任何要求，比如上學，或者有任何問題，我們可以幫忙的。”

Households designated as poor can receive Rmb10,000 each for signing off on a donation. Those who donate can have their names inscribed on a plaque in an exclusive graveyard, where their ashes can be stored and are honoured in an annual ceremony.

政府認定的貧困家庭如果簽訂捐獻協(xié)議，每戶可獲得一萬元人民幣。捐贈者的名字可以刻在一塊飾板上，陳列在一個專屬墓地里，他們的骨灰可以存放在該墓地，每年還會舉行紀念儀式。

China’s organ donation system is now “fully in line with World Health Organisation guiding principles,” the organisation’s China representative Bernhard Schwartländer told reporters this month.

世界衛(wèi)生組織(World Health Organisation)駐華代表伯恩哈德•施賀德(Bernhard Schwartländer)本月對記者表示，中國的器官捐獻制度現(xiàn)在“完全符合世衛(wèi)組織指導原則”。

He added that violations of the prohibition on the use of prisoner organs could not be ruled out, but he “had no evidence that the law is being breached”.

他表示，雖然違反禁令使用死囚器官的現(xiàn)象不能排除，但他“沒發(fā)現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明該法律遭到違反”。

Chinese tech group Alibaba has added a feature to its Alipay service allowing users to sign up as donors, with more than 100,000 people currently registered. But because of regulations requiring relatives’ consent, it is mainly a symbolic effort.

中國科技集團阿里巴巴(Alibaba)在支付寶(Alipay)服務中增加了一項功能，允許用戶登記為捐贈者，目前登記者已超過10萬人。但由于捐贈規(guī)定要求親屬同意，因此這主要是一個象征行為。

Chen Jingyu, one of China’s leading lung transplant surgeons, said agreements with families had a tendency to fall apart at the last minute. The number of facilitators is “far too low”, he said, estimating that the country would need 10,000 in years to come.

中國一名優(yōu)秀的肺移植外科醫(yī)生陳靜瑜表示，與家屬達成的協(xié)議在最后時刻往往會破裂。他表示器官捐獻協(xié)調員人數(shù)太少，估計未來幾年將需要1萬人。

In an office at the hospital where he also works part-time as a manager, Mr Qian said volunteer rates had improved since the use of prisoner organs was abolished. “There has been a change in attitudes, from flat rejection to greater acceptance,” he said. “There are few cases when my words alone can move someone".

錢公淘在醫(yī)院還兼任經理工作，他在辦公室里表示，自從廢除使用死刑犯器官后，自愿捐贈率有所改善。他說：“人們的態(tài)度改變了，從斷然拒絕到更高的接受度。光靠我說的話就能打動人，這種情況是很少的。”