中國央行官員新書挑戰(zhàn)西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)
孝道等亞洲社會(huì)價(jià)值觀和國企等機(jī)構(gòu)，是否掌握著診斷出主流經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論缺陷的鑰匙?正是這些缺陷導(dǎo)致大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家無法預(yù)測(cè)到2008年的金融危機(jī)。
This is the provocative claim advanced by Chinese central bank official Wang Zhenying in his ambitious new book, Principles of Transactional Economics, published last year by China Financial Publishing House.
這就是中國央行官員王振營(見上圖)在他那本雄心勃勃的新書《交易經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理》中提出的爭(zhēng)議性看法。該書去年由中國金融出版社出版。
The financial crisis has spawned a wide array of critiques of mainstream economics, but Mr Wang’s comes from a distinctly Chinese perspective.
金融危機(jī)使主流經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)遭到了廣泛批評(píng)，但王振營的批評(píng)出自一種獨(dú)特的中國視角。
At a book talk at the People’s Bank of China’s Shanghai headquarters, Mr Wang brought Chinese translations of western economics’ cornerstone texts — Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations, Alfred Marshall’s Principles of Economics, John Maynard Keynes’ The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, and Paul Samuelson’s seminal 1948 textbook — to illustrate his points.
在中國央行上?？偛康囊粓?chǎng)圖書介紹會(huì)上，王振營引用西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)典文本——亞當(dāng)•斯密(Adam Smith)的《國富論》(The Wealth of Nations)、艾爾弗雷德•馬歇爾(Alfred Marshall)的《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理》(Principles of Economics)、約翰•梅納德•凱恩斯(John Maynard Keynes)的《就業(yè)、利息和貨幣通論》(The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money)和保羅•薩繆爾森(Paul Samuelson)于1948年出版的影響巨大的教科書——的中文譯本來證明他的觀點(diǎn)。
“Mainstream economists didn’t believe the world was in crisis (in 2007 and early 2008). The core issue was our theoretical framework, whose foundation was established at the beginning of the industrial revolution. It’s an extremely simple framework,” said the soft-spoken Mr Wang, who joined the PBoC in 1994 and currently serves as head of director of the survey and statistics department at the PBoC’s Shanghai headquarters.
“(在2007年和2008年初，)主流經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家不相信世界處于危機(jī)之中。核心問題在于我們的理論框架，這一框架的基礎(chǔ)是在工業(yè)革命之初建立的。這是一個(gè)極端簡(jiǎn)單的框架，”語氣柔和的王振營說。他于1994年加入中國央行(PBoC)，目前擔(dān)任上?？偛空{(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)研究部主任。
Mr Wang entered university in 1979 at age 16, a member of the third student cohort following the end of the Cultural Revolution, when merit-based university admissions were halted. He is among the first students of mainstream western economics following an era in which Chinese scholars only studied Marxism.
1979年，16歲的王振營考入大學(xué)，成為文革后第三批大學(xué)生。文革期間，中國的大學(xué)不再基于分?jǐn)?shù)錄取學(xué)生。在他入學(xué)之前，中國經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)學(xué)者只研究馬克思主義的時(shí)期，而他是這一時(shí)期過后第一批攻讀主流西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的學(xué)生之一。
His critique is informed by his experience growing up in a rural family in Henan province in the 1960s and 1970s. He recalled a spanking from his mother when, as a boy of six, he took his dinner from the stove before his older brother and uncle had come in from working in the fields. It was the first inkling of an economic theory that aims to take account of variables like self-sacrifice for family, which undermines mainstream economics’ conception of individuals as selfish utility maximisers.
他的批評(píng)基于他上世紀(jì)六七十年代在河南一個(gè)農(nóng)村家庭長(zhǎng)大的經(jīng)歷。他回憶起6歲時(shí)被母親打屁股的情形——在田間干活的哥哥和大人還沒回來，他就把飯從爐子上拿起來吃。一套旨在將類似“對(duì)家庭的自我犧牲”等變量考慮在內(nèi)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論，就在那時(shí)第一次顯露痕跡。這一經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論顛覆了主流經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的這一觀念：人是自私的，追求效用最大化。
“There have been many criticisms of mainstream economics and many proposed solutions. But they’re all basically fixes to the existing theoretical framework. They aren’t fundamentally new theoretical system, so they can’t really solve the problem.”
“人們對(duì)主流經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)一直有很多批評(píng)，很多人提出了解決方案。但這些方案基本上都是對(duì)現(xiàn)有理論框架的修修補(bǔ)補(bǔ)，并非全新的理論體系，所以不可能真正解決問題。”
Mr Wang’s first critique of mainstream economics is that it posits the existence of undifferentiated economic actors — households and companies — that respond almost exclusively to price signals. This framework theory does not account for differences in how various actors make economic decisions.
王振營對(duì)主流經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的第一項(xiàng)批評(píng)是，它假定存在無差別的經(jīng)濟(jì)行為主體——家庭和企業(yè)——這些主體幾乎僅對(duì)價(jià)格信號(hào)作出反應(yīng)。這個(gè)框架理論沒能解釋不同行為主體做出經(jīng)濟(jì)決策的方式的不同。
Mr Wang criticises mainstream economics for neglecting the importance of balance sheets. Because each household and company has a unique balance sheet, they will not respond to price signals in the same way.
王振營批評(píng)主流經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)忽視了資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表的重要性。因?yàn)槊總€(gè)家庭和企業(yè)都有獨(dú)特的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表，它們不會(huì)以相同方式回應(yīng)價(jià)格信號(hào)。
“Classical economics talked about the accumulation of wealth and how value was created. But neoclassical theory took this huge and complex theory and simplified down it into a narrow focus on prices. Prices have a core status. Everyone knows prices are important, but they’re not everything.”
“古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)討論了財(cái)富的積累，以及價(jià)值的創(chuàng)造方式。但是新古典理論接收了這個(gè)龐雜的理論，并將其簡(jiǎn)化為對(duì)價(jià)格的狹隘關(guān)注。價(jià)格占據(jù)了核心地位。每個(gè)人都知道價(jià)格很重要，但價(jià)格不是一切。”
His focus on balance sheets echoes Nomura economist Richard Koo’s theory of the balance-sheet recession.” Mr Koo used the theory to explain why highly indebted Japanese companies declined to borrow and invest in the 1990s, despite ultra-low interest rates.
他對(duì)資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表的關(guān)注與野村(Nomura)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家辜朝明(Richard Koo)的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表衰退理論相吻合。辜朝明用這個(gè)理論解釋了，為何高負(fù)債的日本企業(yè)在上世紀(jì)90年代拒絕借款和投資，盡管那時(shí)利率極低。
Substituting the concept of “economic actors” for that of “transactional bodies” can form the basis for a theory that can account for variables not captured in mainstream economics. That includes not only balance sheets, but also differences in market power between different entities, including government and large corporations.
將“經(jīng)濟(jì)行為主體”的概念替換為“交易主體”的概念，可以為一種能夠解釋主流經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)未包含變量的理論奠定基礎(chǔ)。這些變量不僅包括資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表，而且包括不同實(shí)體(包括政府和大企業(yè))在市場(chǎng)力量方面的差異。
Another blind spot in mainstream economics appeared to Mr Wang in the 1990s, as he observed the way Chinese state-owned enterprises continued to produce and sell, despite racking up huge losses.
上世紀(jì)90年代，王振營發(fā)現(xiàn)了主流經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的另一個(gè)盲點(diǎn)，當(dāng)時(shí)他觀察到了盡管虧損巨大且不斷加重，但中國國企繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)和銷售的情況。
The answer, of course, was that banks continued to lend to lossmaking SOEs, who had a political responsibility to maintain employment and social stability. This problem has re-emerged in recent years, after the government again called on SOEs to stimulate the economy in 2008.
個(gè)中原因當(dāng)然是銀行繼續(xù)對(duì)虧損的國企放貸，這些國企肩負(fù)著維持就業(yè)和社會(huì)穩(wěn)定的政治責(zé)任。繼中國政府2008年又一次呼吁國企刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展之后，這個(gè)問題近年來再次出現(xiàn)。
While mainstream economics cannot account for this behaviour in terms of profit or market share maximisation, his theory’s focus on the special characteristics of various transactional bodies allows it to explain economic behaviour in centrally planned economies.
主流經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)無法從利潤或市場(chǎng)份額最大化的角度解釋這種行為，而王振營的理論對(duì)不同交易主體特殊屬性的關(guān)注，使它可以解釋中央計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)中的經(jīng)濟(jì)行為。
