DNA檢測(cè)幫助他們?cè)陧n國(guó)尋找親生父母

SEOUL, South Korea — Five years ago, Sun Mi Stapel, a claims handler at a Dutch insurance company, began searching for her South Korean birth family.

韓國(guó)首爾——五年前，在一家荷蘭保險(xiǎn)公司任核保員的善美·施塔珀?duì)?Sun Mi Stapel)開(kāi)始尋找在韓國(guó)的親生父母。

Stapel first turned to the Dutch adoption agency that had placed her with her adoptive parents in Krommenie, the Netherlands, where she grew up. Then she tried Korea Social Service, which had handled the Korean side of her adoption. Last year, she finally obtained her adoption files, but they were missing vital information.

施塔珀?duì)柺紫热フ伊艘患液商m領(lǐng)養(yǎng)中介公司，當(dāng)初她就是通過(guò)這家公司被荷蘭克羅默尼的養(yǎng)父母領(lǐng)養(yǎng)的，她在那里長(zhǎng)大。然后她又找到了在領(lǐng)養(yǎng)中負(fù)責(zé)在韓事務(wù)的韓國(guó)社會(huì)服務(wù)公司(Korea Social Service)。去年，她終于拿到了領(lǐng)養(yǎng)文件，但是其中丟失了一些關(guān)鍵信息。

She traveled to Seoul, appearing on a morning television show with her baby photos and asking viewers to call a hotline with any information. She registered for a national database for missing people. She distributed fliers in the neighborhood around her orphanage in Incheon, where she was born, and visited nursing homes and community centers there in hopes of finding someone who knew her parents.

她來(lái)到首爾，拿著自己幼時(shí)的照片出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)早間電視節(jié)目上，請(qǐng)求觀眾通過(guò)熱線電話提供有關(guān)信息。她在一個(gè)國(guó)家失蹤人口數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)做了登記。她到了仁川，在自己當(dāng)初所在的孤兒院周遭散發(fā)傳單，她就是在那里出生的，她還去了養(yǎng)老院和社區(qū)中心，以期找到認(rèn)識(shí)她父母的人。

No one did.

沒(méi)有人了解情況。

So on a recent Tuesday afternoon, Stapel, 46, went to a guesthouse for adoptees in Seoul, where a volunteer rubbed the inside of her cheek with a cotton swab, dropped the swab in a tube and shipped it to a lab in Texas, where her DNA will be analyzed and uploaded to a website that scans submitted samples for genetic matches.

于是，在最近一個(gè)周二的下午，46歲的施塔珀?duì)杹?lái)到首爾一家面向被領(lǐng)養(yǎng)人的招待所，一名志愿者用棉簽在她口腔內(nèi)側(cè)刮了刮，把棉簽扔進(jìn)一根細(xì)長(zhǎng)的保存瓶里，然后寄到德克薩斯的一座實(shí)驗(yàn)室，在那里，她的DNA經(jīng)分析后被上傳到一個(gè)網(wǎng)站，和已提交的基因進(jìn)行比對(duì)。

The result could link her to her birth family and fill in some of the blanks of her personal history.

比對(duì)結(jié)果也許能幫她找到自己的親生父母，填補(bǔ)她的個(gè)人歷史中的某些空白。

“I want to know the simple things,” she said. “When is my real date of birth? Who is my father? Who is my mother? Do I have siblings? Do I look like somebody?”

“我想知道的東西很簡(jiǎn)單，”她說(shuō)。“我的真實(shí)生日是幾號(hào)?我父親是誰(shuí)?母親是誰(shuí)?我有兄弟姐妹嗎?我長(zhǎng)得像誰(shuí)?”

Many South Korean adoptees who have the same questions are turning to DNA testing to circumvent what has long been a tortuous and often fruitless process.

許多懷著同樣問(wèn)題的韓國(guó)被領(lǐng)養(yǎng)人選擇了DNA測(cè)試，以繞過(guò)一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)曲折且往往徒勞無(wú)獲的過(guò)程。

For years, South Korea was the world’s leading baby exporter. Since the 1950s, it has sent about 200,000 children abroad for adoption, including about 150,000 to the United States.

韓國(guó)多年來(lái)一直是全球最大的嬰兒出口國(guó)。自上世紀(jì)50年代起，該國(guó)共有約20萬(wàn)名兒童被外國(guó)領(lǐng)養(yǎng)，其中約有15萬(wàn)名前往美國(guó)。

Every year adoptees return, looking for information about their past. But South Korean laws block them from obtaining their full birth records without their birth parents’ consent. And government adoption files are often falsified, incomplete or missing, making birth parents impossible to track down.

每年都有被領(lǐng)養(yǎng)者返回韓國(guó)，尋找有關(guān)自己過(guò)往的信息。但因?yàn)轫n國(guó)法律的限制，在沒(méi)有獲得親生父母允許的情況下，他們無(wú)法獲得自己完整的出生記錄。而政府的領(lǐng)養(yǎng)文件往往有虛假成分、不完整或是丟失了，這讓他們很難找到親生父母。

From 2012-15, fewer than 15 percent of adoptees who asked to reunite with their birth parents were able to do so, according to Korean government figures.

韓國(guó)政府統(tǒng)計(jì)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，從2012年至2015年，要求與父母團(tuán)聚的被領(lǐng)養(yǎng)者中只有不足15%的人做到了這一點(diǎn)。

For many, DNA testing offers a way around the bureaucratic hurdles and flawed records.

對(duì)很多人來(lái)說(shuō)，DNA檢測(cè)提供了一種繞過(guò)官僚障礙和瑕疵文件的辦法。

Stapel was one of a few dozen adoptees who took free DNA tests made available in Seoul this month during the International Korean Adoptee Associations Gathering, which meets every three years.

本月，三年一度的國(guó)際韓國(guó)被領(lǐng)養(yǎng)人協(xié)會(huì)大會(huì)(International Korean Adoptee Associations Gathering)舉行期間，幾十名被領(lǐng)養(yǎng)人接受了免費(fèi)的DNA檢測(cè)。施塔珀?duì)柧褪瞧渲兄弧?/p>

Monica Toudahl Knudsen, 33, who grew up in the Jutland peninsula, in Denmark, also took the test. She has been searching for her birth family since 2012.

33歲的莫妮卡·托達(dá)爾·克努森(Monica Toudahl Knudsen)也接受了這項(xiàng)檢測(cè)。她在丹麥的日德蘭半島長(zhǎng)大，自2012年開(kāi)始就一直在尋找自己的生身父母。

According to her adoption file, her parents were teenage sweethearts who could not afford to raise her. On a previous trip to Seoul, she had visited the site of the midwife clinic where she was born. It now houses a cafe and fried chicken restaurant.

領(lǐng)養(yǎng)文件顯示，她的父母當(dāng)時(shí)是一對(duì)十幾歲的情侶，無(wú)力撫養(yǎng)她。上一次去首爾時(shí)，她曾經(jīng)到訪自己出生的那個(gè)助產(chǎn)士診所所在地。如今那里是一間咖啡館和一個(gè)炸雞店。

She feels grateful for her life in Denmark, where she is a chef. If she is ever able to meet her birth parents, she said, “I just want to thank them for letting me go.”

她在丹麥做廚師，對(duì)自己現(xiàn)在的生活充滿感恩。她說(shuō)，如果能見(jiàn)到親生父母，“我只想謝謝他們送走了我。”

The DNA testing movement has been largely financed by Thomas Park Clement, a Korean adoptee who now lives in Manhattan and in Bloomington, Indiana. A scientist who founded Mectra Labs, a medical manufacturing company, he has pledged to spend $1 million on DNA kits to give away.

這項(xiàng)DNA檢測(cè)活動(dòng)主要是由托瑪斯·帕克·克萊門特(Thomas Park Clement)資助。他也是一名韓國(guó)被領(lǐng)養(yǎng)人，如今在曼哈頓和印第安納州布魯明頓兩地生活。這名科學(xué)家是醫(yī)療設(shè)備制造公司梅茨特拉實(shí)驗(yàn)室(Mectra Labs)的創(chuàng)立者。他承諾支付100萬(wàn)美元購(gòu)買成套DNA檢測(cè)服務(wù)，用于捐贈(zèng)。

“I have throughout the years experienced so many of my fellow Korean adoptees’ frustrations with birth relative searches,” he said in a recent interview. “DNA is shortcutting the search process and bringing all parties in direct communication with each other.”

“這些年來(lái)，我目睹那么多同為韓國(guó)被領(lǐng)養(yǎng)者的人在尋找親生父母方面遭遇挫折，”他在最近接受采訪時(shí)說(shuō)。“DNA提供了一條捷徑，可以縮短尋找的過(guò)程，讓各方進(jìn)行直接的交流。”

He has donated 2,550 kits to Korean adoptees and Korean War veterans in the United States. Some of the veterans are the fathers of the first wave of South Korea’s international adoptees. He has also given 450 test kits to 325Kamra, a volunteer organization started last year, to distribute in South Korea.

他捐獻(xiàn)了2550套DNA檢測(cè)服務(wù)給韓國(guó)被領(lǐng)養(yǎng)人和美國(guó)的朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)退伍軍人。這些退伍軍人中，有一些是第一波被跨國(guó)領(lǐng)養(yǎng)的韓國(guó)人的生身父親。他還捐贈(zèng)了450套檢測(cè)服務(wù)給去年成立的志愿者組織325卡姆拉(325Kamra)，讓它針對(duì)韓國(guó)進(jìn)行分配。

When testing works, it is remarkably efficient.

DNA檢測(cè)起效的時(shí)候，效率是非常驚人的。

This month, 325Kamra announced its first match between a Korean birth mother and an American adoptee. Within 48 hours, the adoptee, Kyung Eun Davidson, 33, of Everett, Washington, was speaking to her mother for the first time in 30 years.

本月，325卡姆拉宣布了該機(jī)構(gòu)配對(duì)成功的第一對(duì)——一名韓國(guó)生身母親和一位身在美國(guó)的被領(lǐng)養(yǎng)人。不到48小時(shí)，生活在華盛頓州埃弗雷特的被領(lǐng)養(yǎng)人、33歲的京銀·戴維森(Kyung Eun Davidson)便和她的母親說(shuō)上了話，這是30年來(lái)的頭一遭。

“It’s been an amazing, crazy and wonderful experience,” Davidson told The Korea Herald.

“那是一種讓人驚奇、有些瘋狂同時(shí)也很棒的體驗(yàn)，”戴維森對(duì)《韓國(guó)先驅(qū)報(bào)》(The Korea Herald)講道。

Adoptees are not the only ones placing their hopes in DNA tests.

被領(lǐng)養(yǎng)者并不是唯一將希望寄托在DNA檢測(cè)上的人。

Last month, Song Chang-sook, 89, traveled 200 miles from Pusan with his caregiver to take a DNA test in Seoul. Having heard about the testing on a morning television program, he was searching for the three sons he relinquished for adoption more than 40 years ago.

上個(gè)月，89歲的宋章肅(Song Chang-sook，音)與他的護(hù)理員跋涉200英里，從釜山來(lái)到首爾接受DNA檢測(cè)。他在一檔早間電視節(jié)目中聽(tīng)說(shuō)了這個(gè)檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目，之前他一直在尋找自己在40多年前送養(yǎng)的三個(gè)兒子。

When his wife died of typhoid fever in 1970, his mother-in-law decided that the children should be given up for adoption rather than raised by a single father. He gave up his three sons: Won Ho, born in 1965; Won Young, born in 1967; and Won Hee, born in 1968.

在他的妻子于1970年死于傷寒時(shí)，他的岳母堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，三個(gè)孩子應(yīng)該被送出去，而不是由一個(gè)單身父親撫養(yǎng)。他放棄了自己的三個(gè)兒子：生于1965年的元鎬(Won Ho，音)、1967年的元融(Won Young，音)和1968年的元熙(Won Hee，音)。

Five years later, he returned to the adoption agency, Holt International, asking for their whereabouts. He inquired many more times after that. At one point, someone told him that his sons were living together in France. But Holt was prohibited from disclosing personal information about the three boys. The 2012 adoption law that gives adoptees the right to petition for their birth records offers no such benefit to the parents.

五年后，他返回領(lǐng)養(yǎng)機(jī)構(gòu)霍爾特國(guó)際(Holt International)，詢問(wèn)他們的下落。此后，他又問(wèn)過(guò)很多次。曾經(jīng)有人告訴他，三個(gè)兒子一起生活在法國(guó)。但霍爾特被禁止泄露三個(gè)男孩的個(gè)人信息。2012年的領(lǐng)養(yǎng)法允許被領(lǐng)養(yǎng)者申請(qǐng)獲得自己的出生記錄，但沒(méi)有賦予送養(yǎng)的父母同樣的權(quán)利。

Song thinks about the last time he saw his children, on Nov. 3, 1971. The year before, his oldest son, Won Ho, had been hospitalized for a month with a broken shoulder from a car accident.

宋章肅時(shí)常想到自己最后一次見(jiàn)到孩子們的時(shí)候，那是1971年11月3日。之前的一年，他的大兒子元鎬曾因在車禍中肩部骨折而住了一個(gè)月的院。