死亡高峰期 日本殯葬業(yè)經(jīng)歷文化轉(zhuǎn)變

Japan’s Y2tn funeral business is undergoing awholesale cultural transformation as the world’sthird-biggest economy enters its mournfuldemographic ascent to “peak death”.

隨著日本在人口結(jié)構(gòu)上向“死亡高峰期”攀升，這個(gè)世界第三大經(jīng)濟(jì)體2萬(wàn)億日元的殯葬業(yè)正在經(jīng)歷一場(chǎng)大規(guī)模的文化轉(zhuǎn)變。

The shift comes as Japan enters what actuarialtables show will be a two-decade boom of activityfor the industry.

這一轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)生之際，精算表格顯示，日本殯葬業(yè)將進(jìn)入20年的業(yè)務(wù)繁榮期。

A persistently low birth rate means Japan’s annual 1.3m deaths already outnumber births by300,000. The country’s rapidly ageing population puts occupancies at the nation’s mortuarieson course to peak at 1.67m in 2040.

持續(xù)的低出生率，意味著日本每年130萬(wàn)的死亡人數(shù)已經(jīng)比出生人數(shù)多出30萬(wàn)。日本迅速老化的人口結(jié)構(gòu)，令日本殯儀館接收遺體數(shù)按照現(xiàn)有趨勢(shì)將于2040年達(dá)到167萬(wàn)的峰值。

But while revenues are rising, average mourner numbers have halved since the 1990s. Thebereaved have become less enthusiastic about the average Y2.3m ($21,000) cost of a funeraland conventions are being eroded as families question the ceremonies themselves. Securingsustainable profit growth even amid a rising mortality rate could become more difficult, sayindustry heads.

不過，盡管營(yíng)收正在攀升，但自上世紀(jì)90年代以來，平均送葬人數(shù)卻已減半。對(duì)于平均230萬(wàn)日元(合2.1萬(wàn)美元)的殯葬成本，喪親者也不再像過去那樣熱心;隨著家庭對(duì)殯葬儀式本身提出質(zhì)疑，殯葬習(xí)俗也在受到侵蝕。多名業(yè)內(nèi)主管表示，即使是在死亡率攀升的情況下，取得可持續(xù)盈利增長(zhǎng)的難度可能也會(huì)變大。

An unprecedented funeral trade fair in Tokyo in December, and a recent spat betweenAmazon Japan and a Buddhist group over an online monks-for-hire service hint strongly at anindustry scrambling to adapt as Japanese people reassess how to mark the passing of lovedones.

去年12月在東京舉辦的一場(chǎng)史無(wú)前例的殯葬業(yè)交易會(huì)，以及最近亞馬遜日本(Amazon Japan)和一個(gè)佛教團(tuán)體圍繞一項(xiàng)在線和尚預(yù)訂服務(wù)的爭(zhēng)端，都強(qiáng)烈暗示殯葬業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀：在日本人反思該如何紀(jì)念至親的離世之際，殯葬業(yè)正在匆忙調(diào)整。

Surveys on Japan’s death industry are rare but conventional wisdom is that more than 35 percent of elderly Japanese want only family and close friends at their funerals and at least 8 percent want no funeral at all.

針對(duì)日本殯葬業(yè)的調(diào)查少之又少。不過，普遍的看法是，有逾35%的日本老年人只希望家人和密友參加葬禮，至少8%的老年人根本就不想要葬禮。

Driving down the attendance rates, though, has been the disappearance of the “dutyattendee”. In the past it was quite normal for loyalty-bound employees to troop to the funeralsof their bosses’ close relatives or the presidents and family of important customer companies,says Yuichi Noro, president of the country’s largest funeral management group San Holdings.

不過，壓低葬禮出席率的原因，是“禮節(jié)性出席者”的消失。日本最大殯葬管理集團(tuán)璨 Holdings(SanHoldings)的副社長(zhǎng)野呂裕一(Yuichi Noro)表示，過去，為顯示忠誠(chéng)，員工集體出席老板的近親、或重要客戶企業(yè)的社長(zhǎng)及其親屬的葬禮，是十分常見的事情。

In a busy year, it was once quite usual for company workers to attend two or three funerals ofpeople they had never met. But work culture has changed. A rising proportion of theworkforce is on short-term or part-time contracts and less bound by old conventions.

在過去，企業(yè)員工在葬禮多的年頭一年參加兩三個(gè)素未謀面的人的葬禮很常見。然而，職場(chǎng)文化已經(jīng)改變。越來越多的勞工持有的是短期或兼職合同，受舊習(xí)俗的束縛沒有那么大。

“Companies do not feel like families in the way they used to and feelings of loyalty are lower,”said Mr Noro, whose company has become the most aggressive consolidator of the Japanesefuneral industry. “Without the duty attendees the atmosphere of funerals has completelychanged.”

野呂的公司目前已成為日本殯葬業(yè)最激進(jìn)的整合者。他說：“企業(yè)不再像過去那樣感覺像個(gè)家庭，員工的忠誠(chéng)感降低了。沒有了禮節(jié)性出席者，葬禮的氛圍已完全改變。”

Demographics are also forcing a fundamental shift in the way Japan approaches mourning, headded. Life expectancies in the low 80s mean that by the time they die, most Japanese havebeen retired for nearly two decades and their funerals are no longer padded with ex-colleagues.

他補(bǔ)充說，人口結(jié)構(gòu)的變化也迫使日本悼念亡人的方式出現(xiàn)了根本轉(zhuǎn)變。80歲出頭的平均壽命，意味著多數(shù)人在逝世時(shí)已退休近20年，他們的葬禮上不再滿是以前的同事。