取代退休儲蓄的一種方法是延遲退休
“取代退休儲蓄的一種方法是延遲退休，有可能是無限期延遲。”這是最近發(fā)表的一份有關(guān)養(yǎng)老金保障的報(bào)告所傳達(dá)的悲觀信息。
The report, commissioned by the UK Labour party,said that many people were saving too little for theirretirement and faced working until they dropped.
由英國工黨(Labour party)委托研究的這份報(bào)告稱，很多人的退休儲蓄太少，他們將一直工作到做不動為止。
The British government has also set up a review into the state pension age. No one expects itto be lowered.
英國政府還啟動了對國家養(yǎng)老金領(lǐng)取年齡的評估。沒有人預(yù)計(jì)這個(gè)年齡會下調(diào)。
The defined benefit pension that provided a bearable retirement for earlier generations facesextinction. The current crop of workers will have to work years longer to avoid retiring intopoverty.
為之前幾代人提供了可承受的養(yǎng)老計(jì)劃的固定收益養(yǎng)老計(jì)劃(defined benefit pension)正面臨絕種。如今的勞動者不得不工作更長時(shí)間，才能避免退休時(shí)一貧如洗。
This means the traditional career trajectory — starting in one’s late teens or early twenties(depending on education), rising up the hierarchy to a peak in one’s late forties or early fifties,departing 10 years later — will no longer apply. But how will it change? Here are five possiblescenarios.
這意味著，傳統(tǒng)的職業(yè)軌跡(快20歲或20歲出頭(這取決于教育程度)開始工作，在快50歲或50歲出頭升至職業(yè)頂峰，10年后退休)將不再適用。但情況會發(fā)生何種變化?這里列出了5種可能的情形。
3 Employers decide it is the workers’ problem, not theirs. They understand that pensions arenot as good as they were but older workers are expensive and having them around blocksyounger colleagues’ promotions. Far better to push the older employees to retire and consignthem to penury.
1.雇主認(rèn)為，這是員工的問題，不是它們的問題。它們知道，養(yǎng)老金不如以前那么豐厚了，但年紀(jì)較大的員工成本高昂，他們的存在會阻礙較年輕員工的升職。最好是鼓勵年紀(jì)較大的員工退休，讓他們依靠養(yǎng)老金度日。
Many employers will find this option attractive but age discrimination laws will make it hardto implement. And as the population ages, there will be fewer young employees to takeretiring workers’ places.
很多雇主認(rèn)為這種辦法不錯，但年齡歧視法將令這種做法很難施行。同時(shí)，隨著人口老齡化，取代退休員工位置的年輕員工將減少。
3 Both employers and employees accept that people will work longerand everything in theircareers will happen later. They will rise through the hierarchy more slowly than they do today,winning that peak promotion in their late fifties.
2.雇主和雇員都認(rèn)為，人們將工作更長時(shí)間，職場中的一切都將延遲。他們升職的速度將比現(xiàn)在更慢，要等到快60歲時(shí)才能達(dá)到事業(yè)的巔峰。
A version of this is likely to happen. Unable to afford retirement, employees will resist attemptsto force them out. The workforce will, on average, become older. Carrying on for longer iseasier for workers in sedentary occupations than for those in jobs requiring physical labour.But even those in sedentary jobs eventually start to slow down. Younger workers will becomefed up being managed by those they regard as over the hill.
這種情況很可能會出現(xiàn)。負(fù)擔(dān)不起退休生活的員工將抵制迫使他們退休的努力。勞動者的平均年齡將上升。與那些體力勞動者相比，坐辦公室的勞動者更容易工作更久。但即便是那些坐辦公室的人也最終會開始放慢速度。較年輕的員工會受不了被那些他們認(rèn)為上了年紀(jì)的人管。
3 Later retirement introduces a golden age for women workers. In the UK, the pay gap betweenmen and women under 30 has almost disappeared. It widens as women have children and mengo on to dominate executive jobs and boardrooms.
3.延遲退休將給女性勞動者帶來一個(gè)黃金時(shí)代。在英國，30歲以下男女薪資差距已幾乎消失。但隨著女性生孩子、男性繼續(xù)統(tǒng)治高管職位和董事會職務(wù)，這種薪資差距在更高的年齡段會擴(kuò)大。
If people carry on working until they are older, mothers should have more opportunity toreturn to full-time work as their children grow up and need them less. They should have acouple of decades to win those top jobs that they are being denied today.
如果人們延遲退休，隨著孩子長大，對她們的需要減少，母親們應(yīng)會有更多機(jī)會恢復(fù)全職工作。她們應(yīng)該會有20年時(shí)間爭取到她們現(xiàn)在被拒之門外的那些高級職位。
The problem is that when I have written about this optimistic scenario before, a few womenhave told me that they have tried it and it did not work. Coming back to full-time work frompart-time or a career break is tough. It is hard to get back on the escalator.
問題是，當(dāng)我以前寫到這種樂觀的假設(shè)時(shí)，一些女性告訴我，她們試過了，沒有成功。從兼職或離職的狀態(tài)重新回到全職工作是艱難的。她們很難重新踏上職場階梯。
This may be true but determined employers can find ways around this — for example byproviding mentors to help women get back on to the promotion track.
這或許是正確的，但有決心的雇主可以找到解決這個(gè)問題的方法，例如提供導(dǎo)師，幫助女性重返升職軌道。
3 Companies go for the Carlos Slim option. In 2014, the Mexican telecoms magnate, said that,instead of retiring, older workers should cut back to three days a week.
4.企業(yè)采用卡洛斯•斯利姆(Carlos Slim)的選擇。2014年，這位墨西哥電信大亨表示，年紀(jì)較大的員工不應(yīng)退休，而是應(yīng)該將每周工作日減少到3天。
Everyone gains. The company holds on to older workers’ skills while cutting the cost ofemploying them. The workers have more leisure.
所有人都會受益。企業(yè)保住了較老員工的技能，同時(shí)削減了聘用他們的成本。員工的空閑時(shí)間也增多了。
This scenario appears to have more to recommend it than any other, although it does dependon older workers being able to afford the reduction in working hours.
這種設(shè)想似乎比其他任何選擇都更值得推薦，不過這取決于較老員工能否負(fù)擔(dān)得起工作時(shí)間縮短。
Older people working shorter weeks could step back from senior positions. They could also dodifferent jobs for the company.
工作時(shí)間縮短的較老員工可能會退出高級職位。他們還可能會為公司做其他工作。
The Financial Times reported this week on a former manager at Nissan in Sunderland, in thenorth-east of England who, at 67, conducts tours of the plant. He does not work for Nissan. Hehas retired and works for an outside agency that runs the tours. This leads to the final scenario.
英國《金融時(shí)報(bào)》最近報(bào)道了一位前日產(chǎn)(Nissan)駐英格蘭東北部城市桑德蘭的經(jīng)理的故事，67歲的他負(fù)責(zé)安排這家日產(chǎn)工廠的參觀。他不是日產(chǎn)員工。他已退休，為一家提供參觀服務(wù)的外部機(jī)構(gòu)工作。這把我們引向了最后一種設(shè)想。
3 Older workers make their own way in the world. This follows the first option, in whichcompanies refuse to adjust to the new world and insist on older workers retiring anyway.Instead of fighting it, people become self-employed, offering their services to whoever will payfor them. Many Financial Times readers have told me they do this now and love it.
5.較老員工在這個(gè)世界上走出自己的路。這是第一種設(shè)想的結(jié)果，在第一種設(shè)想里，企業(yè)拒絕對新的世界做出調(diào)整，不管怎樣都堅(jiān)持讓較老員工退休。與其為此抗?fàn)?，人們不如自己?chuàng)業(yè)，把自己的服務(wù)提供給任何愿意為此付錢的人。英國《金融時(shí)報(bào)》的很多讀者告訴我，他們現(xiàn)在正這么做，而且樂在其中。
