別再自私了！狗狗也不喜歡吝嗇的人

The friendship between man and dog stretches back for thousands of years. Now experts have found dogs don’t like people who are mean to their owners. Japanese researchers showed that dogs will refuse food offered by people who have snub their master, demonstrating the animal's capacity to co-operate socially.

狗狗和人類之間的友誼可以追溯到幾千年以前?，F(xiàn)在專家們發(fā)現(xiàn)狗狗們不喜歡對(duì)自己主人吝嗇的人。日本研究家展示了狗狗會(huì)拒絕那些冷落自己主人的人給的食物，證明了動(dòng)物的社交合作能力。

This capacity is found in a very small number of species, including humans and some other primates. Researchers led by Kazuo Fujita, a professor of comparative cognition at Kyoto University, tested three groups of 18 dogs using role plays in which their owners needed to open a box.

專家們還發(fā)現(xiàn)只有一小部分物種有這種能力，包括人類及一些其他靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物。由日本京都大學(xué)比較認(rèn)知專業(yè)教授藤田和夫領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的專家團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)行了一組實(shí)驗(yàn)，其中有3組狗狗，每組18只，試驗(yàn)中用到了角色扮演，他們的主人需要打開(kāi)一個(gè)盒子。

In all three groups, the owner was accompanied by two people whom the dog did not know. In the first group, the owner sought assistance from one of the people, who actively refused to help. In the second group, the owner asked for, and received help from one person. In both groups, the third person was neutral and was not involved in either helping or refusing to help.

在所有三組中，主人都由兩位狗狗不認(rèn)識(shí)的人陪同。第一組，主人向其中一個(gè)人尋求幫助，但被拒絕。第二組，主人也向其中一個(gè)人尋求幫助，并成功得到幫助。兩組中的另外一個(gè)人始終保持中立，不拒絕也不主動(dòng)幫助。

After watching each box-opening scene, a dog was offered food by the two unfamiliar people in the room. Canine that saw their owner being rebuff were much more likely choose food from neutral observer while ignoring the person who refused to help their master. Dogs whose owners were helped and dogs whose owners did not interact with either person showed no marked preference for accepting snacks from the strangers.

在看到盒子被打開(kāi)后，房間里兩個(gè)狗狗都不熟悉的人會(huì)給它提供食物?？吹阶约旱闹魅吮焕渎涞墓饭窌?huì)選擇接受保持中立的那個(gè)人的食物，無(wú)視拒絕幫助自己主人的那個(gè)人?？吹阶约旱闹魅顺晒Λ@得幫助的狗狗以及主人沒(méi)有與其他人交流的狗狗，在選擇接受食物時(shí)沒(méi)有特別的選擇性。

If the dogs were acting solely out of self-interest, there would have been no differences among the groups, with animals accepting food equally from the different people, the researchers explained.

如果狗狗僅僅是單純地、出于自己興趣地行動(dòng)，那這幾組測(cè)試便不會(huì)有任何差別，狗狗們會(huì)平等的接受來(lái)自任何一個(gè)人的食物。

‘We discovered for the first time that dogs make social and emotional evaluations of people regardless of their direct interest,' Professor Fujita said.‘This ability is one of key factors in building a highly collaborative society and this study shows that dogs share that ability with humans.’

藤田和夫說(shuō)：“我們第一次發(fā)現(xiàn)狗狗們可以不按照自己的直接興趣、而是依據(jù)社交和情感判斷來(lái)選擇和人交往。這種能力是建立高度社會(huì)合作的關(guān)鍵因素，而且研究顯示狗狗在與人類的交往中使用了這種能力”。

Previous studies say the trait is present in children from the age of three. But Professor Fujita said that not all primates demonstrate cooperative behaviour. ‘There is a similar study that showed tufted capuchins (a monkey native to South America) have this ability, but there is no evidence that chimpanzees demonstrate a preference unless there is a direct benefit to them,’ he told AFP.

之前的研究表明這種特點(diǎn)存在于3歲以上的小孩中。但藤田和夫教授說(shuō)并不是所有靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物都顯示有這種合作行為。他告知法新社：“有相似的研究表明簇絨卷尾猴(源于南美洲的一種猴群)也有這種能力，但沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明黑猩猩會(huì)憑自己的直接利益判斷與誰(shuí)接觸。”