為什么人在飛機(jī)上愛(ài)發(fā)飆

為什么人在飛機(jī)上愛(ài)發(fā)飆

Why do some travelers squabble about overhead bin space? Or feud over an armrest? Why, when a passenger reclines his seat, does another respond with rage befitting the pages of “Lord of the Flies”?

為什么有些旅客會(huì)為艙頂行李箱或扶手發(fā)生口角?為什么前排乘客把椅背向后調(diào)，后排乘客會(huì)用簡(jiǎn)直可以寫(xiě)進(jìn)《蠅王》(Lord of the Flies)式的狂怒去回應(yīng)?

What makes rational travelers like you and me suddenly explode?

為什么你我這樣理智的旅客會(huì)突然之間勃然大怒?

Some factors are environmental (packed planes, teeming gates); others are internal (stress, fatigue). Together, they can make a perfect storm. Last month at least three flights were diverted because passengers got into fights about reclining seats (and that’s to say nothing of the other unruly passenger incidents that regularly transpire). While the percentage of flights diverted each year is low — it’s been well under 0.40 percent since at least 2004, according to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics — even a handful of diversions due to passengers who can’t play nice is too many. We may be animals, but need we prove it on a flight to West Palm Beach?

有環(huán)境方面的原因(擁擠的機(jī)艙和入口處的排隊(duì)等候);也有旅客自身的原因(壓力、疲憊)。這些因素結(jié)合在一起很容易讓人發(fā)怒。上個(gè)月，至少有三個(gè)航班因?yàn)橛谐丝拖蚝笳{(diào)節(jié)椅背導(dǎo)致打架而改變航線(更不必說(shuō)其他難以約束的的乘客事件也經(jīng)常發(fā)生)。雖然每年航班改道的比率很低——據(jù)美國(guó)運(yùn)輸統(tǒng)計(jì)局稱，至少?gòu)?004年起，遠(yuǎn)低于0.40%)——但就算只有幾起改道航班事件是由不友好的乘客引起的，也還是顯得太多了。我們也許真的是動(dòng)物，但我們需要在飛往西棕櫚灘的航班上證明這一點(diǎn)嗎?

One of the most obvious catalysts is, of course, a crowded cabin. Many seats are thinner and narrower than in the past, and planes like some 777s, which used to have only nine seats across in coach, now cram 10 across.

當(dāng)然，一個(gè)最明顯的催化劑是擁擠的機(jī)艙。很多飛機(jī)的座位比過(guò)去更窄，比如，波音777的某些飛機(jī)過(guò)去一排有九個(gè)座位，現(xiàn)在卻擠了十個(gè)。

“When you crowd people together, there is a point at which they are no longer able to function appropriately,” said Leon James, a professor of psychology at the University of Hawaii who has studied road and air rage. Crowding breeds feelings of alienation, cynicism and anonymity. It leads, as Dr. James put it, to “a breakdown of ordinary social inhibitions” — such as controlling one’s explosive emotions.

“如果你讓人們擠在一起，到了一定程度，他們就不再能做出適當(dāng)?shù)男袨椋?rdquo;夏威夷大學(xué)研究路上和機(jī)上憤怒的心理學(xué)教授利昂·詹姆斯(Leon James)說(shuō)。擁擠會(huì)滋生異化、利己和匿名的感覺(jué)。就像詹姆斯博士說(shuō)的，它會(huì)導(dǎo)致“普通社交控制力的崩潰”——諸如控制情緒爆發(fā)等能力。

Planes today are, in a word, antisocial, he said. Little wonder that people recline their seats without a friendly warning. “They just do it,” said Dr. James, adding that it’s a sign of “impersonal hostility among passengers,” an atmosphere “created by the airlines by the way they manage the passengers.” Most airlines don’t encourage social cabin environments (more on how to do that later). Rather, he said, their service changes have reinforced the hostile climate. By increasing fees for checked bags, passengers on a budget have had to compete for overhead bin space. By eliminating hot meals in coach, travelers have resorted to carrying on their own sometimes odoriferous food at the expense of their seatmates’ noses.

他總結(jié)說(shuō)，如今的飛機(jī)是反社交的。難怪人們調(diào)節(jié)座椅時(shí)不會(huì)友好地提醒后座的人。“他們就這么做了，”詹姆斯說(shuō)。他補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，這是“乘客間冷漠?dāng)骋?rdquo;的一個(gè)表現(xiàn)，這種氣氛是“航空公司對(duì)待乘客的方式造成的”。大部分航空公司不去營(yíng)造彼此交流的機(jī)艙氛圍(我后面再具體談?wù)勅绾胃纳七@一點(diǎn))。他說(shuō)，相反，航空公司服務(wù)的改變強(qiáng)化了這種敵意氣氛。由于托運(yùn)行李費(fèi)用增加，節(jié)省的乘客們不得不爭(zhēng)奪艙頂行李箱。由于取消機(jī)上熱餐，乘客們就自帶食物，有時(shí)食物的味道不太好聞，鄰座的鼻子就會(huì)遭罪。

I find myself thinking of John B. Calhoun’s seminal overpopulation research, published in Scientific American in the 1960s, which found that as rats were increasingly crowded together they became ever more aggressive and exhibited “behavior disturbances” from “frenetic overactivity” to “pathological withdrawal.”

我想起了20世紀(jì)60年代約翰·B·卡爾霍恩(John B. Calhoun)在《科學(xué)美國(guó)人》(Scientific American)上發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)關(guān)于人口過(guò)剩的重要研究。他發(fā)現(xiàn)，老鼠所在的空間越擁擠，它們就越好斗，表現(xiàn)出“瘋狂的過(guò)度活躍”或“病態(tài)退縮”等“行為障礙”。

In a congested plane, it’s not just other passengers from whom we feel estranged, though.

不過(guò)，在擁擠的飛機(jī)上，我們不只是對(duì)其他乘客感到疏遠(yuǎn)。

“You feel a distance from your sense of self,” said Emma Seppala, the associate director of the Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education at Stanford University School of Medicine. “You lose self-awareness,” she continued, referring to one interpretation of a psychological theory known as deindividuation, “and it’s been shown to lessen rationality.”

“你對(duì)自己的自我意識(shí)感到疏遠(yuǎn)，”斯坦福大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院同情與利他研究教育中心的副所長(zhǎng)艾瑪·斯帕拉(Emma Seppala)說(shuō)。她繼續(xù)說(shuō)道，“你失去自我意識(shí)”——這是對(duì)“去個(gè)體化”(deindividuation)心理學(xué)理論的一種解釋——“有證據(jù)表明，這會(huì)降低理性”。

The cabin is perhaps the most glaring environmental factor contributing to air rage, but there’s also the theater of getting to the airport and checking in: stop-and-go traffic, the obstacle course of suitcases on the curb, noise bouncing off the terminal walls, snail-like security lines, endless pings from your smartphone as work emails continue to land even as you remove your shoes and shove them into an X-ray machine.

機(jī)艙可能是最明顯的導(dǎo)致機(jī)上憤怒的環(huán)境因素，但是去機(jī)場(chǎng)、辦理登機(jī)手續(xù)也讓人煩躁：交通狀況不好，路邊的行李箱帶來(lái)障礙，航站樓中回蕩的噪音，安檢隊(duì)伍像蝸牛爬行一樣緩慢，智能手機(jī)的提示音不停作響——因?yàn)楣ぷ鬣]件還是會(huì)不斷到來(lái)，就算你脫掉鞋子，把它們?nèi)M(jìn)安檢機(jī)后，手機(jī)還是響個(gè)不停。

“Evolutionarily we’re currently experiencing more stimulation than we ever have before,” Dr. Seppala said. Many people feel overtaxed and depleted, especially when traveling, and “that really impacts our self-control and willpower,” she said.

“從進(jìn)化角度看，我們現(xiàn)在感受到的刺激超過(guò)之前任何時(shí)候，”斯帕拉博士說(shuō)。很多人感到負(fù)擔(dān)過(guò)重，筋疲力盡，特別在旅行時(shí)，她說(shuō)，“那真的會(huì)影響我們的自控力和意志力。”

Self-control, however, is not a neat, unitary concept. It’s not as if some people have it and some people don’t.

不過(guò)，自控不是個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單、單一的概念。不是說(shuō)有些人有，有些人沒(méi)有。

“There are multiple ways to fail at self-control, and each of these are supported by different brain circuits,” said Joshua W. Buckholtz, an assistant professor in the department of psychology and center for brain science at Harvard. “As it turns out self-control is this heterogeneous construct, and we’re only now beginning to parse it and understand what these distinct faculties are.”

“很多因素會(huì)讓我們失控，每個(gè)因素由大腦的不同回路控制，”哈佛大學(xué)心理系和腦科學(xué)中心副教授約書(shū)亞·W·巴克霍茨(Joshua W. Buckholtz)說(shuō)，“結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，自控是個(gè)包含很多因素的復(fù)雜機(jī)制，我們現(xiàn)在剛開(kāi)始分析它，想弄清它由哪些不同的機(jī)能組成。”

What we do know is that certain things can affect our capacity for self-control, particularly stress and sleep deprivation — which tend to be as much a part of travel as luggage.

我們確切知道的是，某些因素會(huì)影響我們的自控力，特別是壓力和睡眠不足——它們和行李一樣，是旅行的一部分。

A study by neuroscientists at New York University, published last year in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that “even mild stress can make it difficult to control your emotions.” Other studies have shown that stress can make you more self-focused, said Dr. Seppala, resulting in tunnel vision for whatever it is you want, and woe be to anyone who gets in the way.

紐約大學(xué)的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)家們?nèi)ツ暝诿绹?guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)上發(fā)表了一項(xiàng)研究。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)“甚至連輕微的壓力都會(huì)讓人很難控制情緒”。斯帕拉博士說(shuō)，其他一些研究表明，壓力會(huì)讓你更專注自我，視野狹隘，只關(guān)注自己想要的東西，厭煩任何妨礙你的人。

Being jet-lagged, or simply not having had a good night’s rest, also makes you vulnerable.

時(shí)差或睡眠不足也會(huì)讓你變得脆弱。

“Sleep deprivation can play a really important role in making people act much more emotional,” said Iris Mauss, an associate professor in the department of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. A study by her colleague Matthew Walker, director of the university’s Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory, found that “without sleep, the brain had reverted back to more primitive patterns of activity,” he said in a news release, “in that it was unable to put emotional experiences into context and produce controlled, appropriate responses.”

“睡眠不足真的會(huì)讓人變得更情緒化，”加州大學(xué)伯克利分校心理系副教授艾麗斯·莫斯(Iris Mauss)說(shuō)。她的同事、該校睡眠與神經(jīng)影像研究室主管馬修·沃克(Matthew Walker)做過(guò)一項(xiàng)研究，他在新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上說(shuō)，“大腦在缺乏睡眠的情況下回到更原始的運(yùn)行模式，無(wú)法把情緒體驗(yàn)放在具體環(huán)境中思考，無(wú)法做出克制的適當(dāng)反應(yīng)。”

Stress and sleep deprivation also hurt our ability to interpret other people’s intentions and mental states. For instance, you might jump to the conclusion that the person who reclined his seat onto your lap is a jerk, when in fact maybe he’s a tired soldier returning from duty, or someone with a disability. “The very rich representations of other people’s minds become degraded and impoverished when we are stressed and sleep deprived,” said Dr. Buckholtz of Harvard. “Your predictions about other people are wrong.”

壓力和睡眠不足還會(huì)影響我們對(duì)他人意圖和精神狀態(tài)的理解。例如，前排的人把椅背向后調(diào)，壓到你的手提電腦，你可能會(huì)馬上認(rèn)定他是個(gè)蠢貨，而實(shí)際上他可能是個(gè)疲憊的退伍士兵或者殘疾人士。“在有壓力、缺乏睡眠的情況下，你會(huì)簡(jiǎn)單粗暴地理解他人頭腦的豐富表現(xiàn)，”哈佛大學(xué)的巴克霍茨博士說(shuō)，“那時(shí)你對(duì)他人的理解是錯(cuò)誤的。”

Even those who pick fights at 35,000 feet?

甚至包括那些在3.5萬(wàn)英尺的高空尋釁滋事的人?

“They may be really nice people, but in that situation they got really deindividuated,” said Dr. Seppala of Stanford, referring to a loss of self-awareness. When we see another person act badly, we conclude, often incorrectly, that he or she is a bad person. Psychologists call this “fundamental attribution error.” After all, when we ourselves act badly, we simply say, “I had a bad day,” or “I wasn’t myself.” We don’t define ourselves as bad.

“他們可能是很好的人，但是在那種情況下，他們真的失去了自我，”斯坦福大學(xué)的斯帕拉博士說(shuō)。她指的是自我意識(shí)的喪失。當(dāng)我們看到有人行為惡劣時(shí)，經(jīng)常會(huì)錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)定他/她是個(gè)壞人。心理學(xué)家們稱之為“基本歸因錯(cuò)誤”。畢竟，我們自己表現(xiàn)惡劣時(shí)會(huì)說(shuō)，“我今天心情不好”或者“我平常不是這樣的”。我們不認(rèn)為自己是壞人。

In a heated exchange, it can help to view the other person as someone who is fundamentally good, yet going through something stressful. Some people are obviously better at doing that — and at regulating their emotions — than others. They’re resilient, able to distance themselves from a stressful situation while others in the same situation fall apart. Are these stoics just born that way? Scholars like Dr. Mauss of the University of California, Berkeley, are still trying to find out. But she said being good at regulating emotion seems to be something that’s learned either early in life from, say, your parents, or later in life through conscious reflection on yourself as well as analysis of situations in which you learn to think, “this will pass,” or “it’s not relevant in the grand scheme of things.”

在激烈爭(zhēng)吵時(shí)，想想對(duì)方本質(zhì)上是個(gè)好人，只是現(xiàn)在有些壓力，會(huì)對(duì)情況有所幫助。有些人明顯更擅長(zhǎng)于此，能控制住自己的情緒。他們更有彈性，能讓自己從緊張情況中脫離出來(lái)，而其他人在同樣的情況下可能已經(jīng)崩潰了。這些鎮(zhèn)定的人是天生如此嗎?加州大學(xué)伯克利分校的莫斯博士等學(xué)者仍在努力弄清這個(gè)問(wèn)題。不過(guò)她說(shuō)，善于控制情緒似乎是早年從父母那里學(xué)來(lái)的，或者是后來(lái)在生活中通過(guò)有意識(shí)的自我反省或者通過(guò)分析情況養(yǎng)成的——在這個(gè)過(guò)程中你學(xué)會(huì)這樣想：“這會(huì)過(guò)去的”或者“從更廣闊的角度看，這無(wú)關(guān)緊要”。

When our emotions are high and we’re physiologically aroused, however, it’s difficult to reason with ourselves. Thankfully, there are other ways to control the mind. Take breathing, for instance. Dr. Seppala cited a study that showed that different emotions such as joy, anger, fear and sadness, each have distinct patterns of breathing (like faster and shallow when afraid, she said). What’s revolutionary, she added, is that the study also showed that by breathing in different ways, people were actually able to generate different emotions.

不過(guò)，當(dāng)我們?cè)谇榫w上和生理上很激動(dòng)時(shí)，我們很難理智思考。幸好還有其他方法來(lái)控制大腦。比如，深呼吸。斯帕拉博士說(shuō)，一項(xiàng)研究表明，處于高興、生氣、恐懼和悲傷等不同的情緒之下，會(huì)有不同的呼吸方式(她說(shuō)，比如恐懼時(shí)呼吸會(huì)更快、更淺)。她補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，具有革命意義的是，這項(xiàng)研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，用不同的方式呼吸真的能產(chǎn)生不同的情緒。

“It’s the only autonomic process that can be controlled,” said Dr. Seppala, who is also the lead author of a study published last month in The Journal of Traumatic Stress that found that a breathing-based meditation was able to decrease post-traumatic stress in American military veterans. “We can learn to have an impact on our nervous system,” she said.

“它是唯一可控的自發(fā)過(guò)程，”斯帕拉博士說(shuō)。她也是上月發(fā)表在《創(chuàng)傷壓力雜志》(The Journal of Traumatic Stress)上的一項(xiàng)研究的主要作者。那項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，以呼吸為基礎(chǔ)的冥想能減輕美國(guó)退伍軍人的創(chuàng)傷后壓力。“我們能學(xué)會(huì)對(duì)自己的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)施加影響，”她說(shuō)。

The breathing-based meditation that was used by the researchers is known as Sudarshan Kriya Yoga, and it has also been shown to increase self-reported “optimism and well-being” in college students, and to decrease self-reported anxiety in people with general anxiety disorder. Don’t have time for meditation or yoga? Experts say to make time, because the better you are, the better your fellow travelers will be.

研究者們所使用的呼吸冥想被稱為凈化呼吸法，大學(xué)生練習(xí)后自稱變得“更樂(lè)觀、健康”，有焦慮障礙的人練習(xí)后自稱焦慮減輕。沒(méi)時(shí)間冥想或做瑜伽?專家們說(shuō)，那就騰出時(shí)間來(lái)，因?yàn)槟阕兊酶茫阃械穆每蛡円矔?huì)變得更好。

“Taking care of yourself,” Dr. Seppala said, “is the most unselfish thing you can do.”

斯帕拉博士說(shuō)，“照顧好自己是你能做的最無(wú)私的事情。”

There’s plenty the airlines could be doing, too (aside from configuring planes with seats that actually fit their ticket holders). For example: Improve the cabin atmosphere.

航空公司也有很多方面需要提高(除了把機(jī)艙座位設(shè)計(jì)得可以真正容納購(gòu)票者之外)。比如，改善機(jī)艙氣氛。

“They have to think of the crowd as a potential community,” said Dr. James of the University of Hawaii, and enact certain community-building principles. One simple tactic is what he refers to as live demography: a flight attendant standing in front of the cabin asking questions like “How many of you are going home?” or “Raise your hand if you’ve never been on an airplane before.” It may sound like a kindergarten exercise, but it encourages passengers to relax, be friendly and communicate with one another. “It breaks the anonymity and the hostility,” Dr. James said.

夏威夷大學(xué)的詹姆斯博士說(shuō)，“他們必須把機(jī)上乘客當(dāng)成一個(gè)潛在團(tuán)體”，并且采取某些團(tuán)體建設(shè)的方法。一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的方法是他所謂的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)人口統(tǒng)計(jì)：一位空乘人員站在機(jī)艙前問(wèn)一些問(wèn)題，比如“你們中間有多少人是返鄉(xiāng)?”或者“以前從未坐過(guò)飛機(jī)的請(qǐng)舉手”。這可能聽(tīng)起來(lái)像幼兒園活動(dòng)，但它能幫助乘客放松，讓他們更友好，愿意相互交流。“它能打破隔膜和敵意，”詹姆斯博士說(shuō)。