“叛徒”格林格拉斯，一場塵封的蘇聯(lián)間諜案

“叛徒”格林格拉斯，一場塵封的蘇聯(lián)間諜案

It was the most notorious spy case of the Cold War — the conviction and execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg for passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union — and it rested largely on the testimony of Ms. Rosenberg’s brother David Greenglass, whose name to many became synonymous with betrayal.

那是冷戰(zhàn)中最為臭名昭著的一樁間諜案—— 朱利葉斯與埃塞爾·羅森伯格夫婦(Julius and Ethel Rosenberg)被認(rèn)定將原子彈的機(jī)密信息交給蘇聯(lián)，并因此被處以極刑——案件的基礎(chǔ)大部分維系于埃塞爾的弟弟戴維·格林格拉斯(David Greenglass)的證詞。在很多人看來，他的名字是“背叛”的同義詞。

For his role in the conspiracy, Mr. Greenglass, an Army sergeant who had stolen nuclear intelligence from Los Alamos, N.M., went to prison for almost a decade, then changed his name and lived quietly until a journalist tracked him down. He admitted then, nearly a half-century later, that he had lied on the witness stand to save his wife from prosecution, giving testimony that he was never sure about but that nevertheless helped send his sister and her husband to the electric chair in 1953.

身為陸軍中士的格林格拉斯從新墨西哥州的洛斯阿拉莫斯國家實驗室盜取了核情報，并因為自己在間諜案中扮演的角色而服刑近10年。出獄后，他更名改姓、低調(diào)度日，直至一名記者找到了他。到這個時候，事件已過去了近半個世紀(jì)。他承認(rèn)，為了讓妻子免于起訴，他在證人席上說了謊，給出了自己從未確定的證言。然而，這一證詞卻成為了將姐姐和姐夫1953年送上電椅的助力。

Mr. Greenglass died on July 1, a family member confirmed. He was 92. His family did not announce his death; The New York Times learned of it in a call to the nursing home where he had been living under his assumed name. Mr. Greenglass’s wife, Ruth, who had played a minor role in the conspiracy and also gave damning testimony against the Rosenbergs, died in 2008.

一名家人證實，格林格拉斯于今年7月1日過世，享年92歲。他的家人并未宣布這一死訊;《紐約時報》致電了他以化名入住的療養(yǎng)院，從而得知了這一消息。格林格拉斯的妻子露絲(Ruth)在間諜案中扮演了一個小角色，當(dāng)年也做出了對羅森伯格夫婦嚴(yán)重不利的證詞。她于2008年過世。

In today’s world, where spying has more to do with greed than ideology, the story of David Greenglass and the Rosenbergs is an enduring time capsule from an age of uncertainties — of world war against fascism, Cold War with the Soviets, and shifting alliances that led some Americans to embrace utopian communism and others to denounce such ideas, and their exponents, as un-American.

今時今日，間諜行為更多地與貪婪有關(guān)，而非意識形態(tài)，戴維·格林格拉斯和羅森伯格夫婦的故事像是來自變幻莫測年代的久遠(yuǎn)時空膠囊。那時候，反法西斯的世界大戰(zhàn)、對抗蘇聯(lián)的冷戰(zhàn)，以及其中的敵友轉(zhuǎn)換，讓一部分美國人欣然接納了烏托邦式共產(chǎn)主義，而另一部分人則將這類思想及其擁護(hù)者斥為不愛國。

Mr. Greenglass, who grew up on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in a household that believed Marxism would save humanity, was an ardent, preachy Communist when drafted by the Army in World War II, but no one in the barracks took him very seriously, much less believed him capable of spying.

格林格拉斯在曼哈頓下東區(qū)長大，其家庭信奉馬克思主義將拯救全人類。二戰(zhàn)期間被陸軍應(yīng)招入伍時，他熱烈追捧共產(chǎn)主義，并且喜歡加以宣揚(yáng)。不過，營房里的同袍從未嚴(yán)肅對待他的信仰，更不相信他能當(dāng)間諜。

He was not well educated, but his skills as a machinist — and pure luck — led to his assignment in 1944 to the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, where America’s first atomic bombs were being developed. After being picked to replace a soldier who had gone AWOL, he lied on his security clearance report and was assigned to a team making precision molds for high-explosive lenses used to detonate the nuclear core.

他并未受過良好教育，但他當(dāng)機(jī)械師的技能——加上純粹的運(yùn)氣——讓他在1944年受命參與洛斯阿拉莫斯的“曼哈頓計劃”。美國的首批原子彈就是在那里研發(fā)的。一名軍人擅離職守后，他被選為接任者。在安全級別報告中，他撒了謊，被指派到為用于引爆核心的高爆透鏡制作精確模具的團(tuán)隊。

When Mr. Rosenberg, already a Soviet spy, learned of his brother-in-law’s work, he recruited him. Security was often lax at Los Alamos, with safes and file cabinets left unlocked and classified documents lying on desks. Mr. Greenglass had no need for Hollywood spy tricks. He kept his eyes and ears open, and in mid-1945 sent Mr. Rosenberg a crude sketch and 12 pages of technical details on the bomb.

此時朱利葉斯·羅森伯格已是蘇聯(lián)間諜，聽說妻弟的工作后便招募了他。洛斯阿拉莫斯當(dāng)時常常疏于戒備，保險柜和文件柜不上鎖，機(jī)密文件就躺在桌上。格林格拉斯留心搜集，在1945年年中的時候交給了姐夫一份核彈的草圖，以及12頁紙的技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)。

That September, after the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed with atomic bombs, ending the war, David and Ruth Greenglass visited the Rosenbergs’ apartment in New York. What happened there later became a matter of life and death, for as Mr. Greenglass delivered his latest spy notes, a woman — either his wife or his sister — sat at a Remington typewriter and typed them out.

不久后，日本城市廣島和長崎毀于核彈，戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束。當(dāng)年9月，戴維與露絲·格林格拉斯二人來到羅森伯格夫婦位于紐約的公寓。那里發(fā)生的事情后來成為了關(guān)乎生死的大問題。戴維·格林格拉斯拿出了自己獲得的最新情報筆記，一名女性——要么是他的妻子，要么是姐姐——坐在一臺雷明頓打字機(jī)前，將它們打了出來。

The significance of that act did not become evident for five years. By then the Soviet Union, once America’s ally, had become a Cold War foe, witch hunts for suspected Communists were underway, and spy networks were being broken up. Klaus Fuchs, a physicist who had worked at Los Alamos, was caught, and named Harry Gold as a courier. Mr. Gold then named the Greenglasses and the Rosenbergs, who were arrested in 1950.

此舉的重要性在接下來的五年里還不明顯。然而，五年后，曾經(jīng)的盟友蘇聯(lián)已成為美國在冷戰(zhàn)中的敵手。對涉嫌共產(chǎn)主義的人士的迫害正在展開，間諜網(wǎng)絡(luò)遭到了破壞。在洛斯阿拉莫斯工作過的物理學(xué)家克勞斯·富克斯(Klaus Fuchs)被抓，供出了情報員哈里·戈爾德(Harry Gold)。戈爾德隨后供出了格林格拉斯夫婦和羅森伯格夫婦，使得他們于1950年被捕。

Mr. Greenglass admitted passing secrets to Mr. Rosenberg, but refused at first to implicate his sister. But just before the Rosenberg trial, Mr. Greenglass changed his story. Told that Ruth had informed F.B.I. agents that Ethel had typed his notes, he supported his wife’s account and agreed to testify against his sister and her husband.

戴維·格林格拉斯承認(rèn)將機(jī)密信息交給了朱利葉斯·羅森伯格，但起初拒絕指認(rèn)自己的姐姐。不過，就在羅森伯格審判開始之前，格林格拉斯改了供詞。在得知露絲已告訴聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局(FBI)探員，是埃塞爾打字將情報發(fā)出之后，他支持了妻子的說法，并且同意提供對姐姐及姐夫不利的證詞。

Mr. Greenglass was under intense pressure. He had not yet been sentenced, and his wife, the mother of his two small children, faced possible prosecution, though her role had been minimal. In federal court in Manhattan in 1951, Mr. Greenglass’s testimony — corroborated by his wife’s — clinched the case against Mr. Rosenberg and implicated Mrs. Rosenberg.

格林格拉斯承受巨大的壓力。他沒有被判刑，他的妻子——兩個孩子的媽媽——可能會被起訴，盡管她扮演的角色非常小。1951年，在曼哈頓聯(lián)邦法院，格林格拉斯的證詞——獲得其妻子的證實——決定了羅森伯格案的判決，使埃塞爾卷入其中。

Referring to Ethel Rosenberg in ringing hyperbolic phrases, the chief prosecutor, Irving H. Saypol, declared, “Just so had she, on countless other occasions, sat at that typewriter and struck the keys, blow by blow, against her own country in the interests of the Soviets.”

首席檢察官歐文·H·塞波爾(Irving H. Saypol)提到埃塞爾·羅森伯格時使用了非?？鋸埖拇朕o，他宣稱，“這樣的場面她已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過無數(shù)次，她坐在打字機(jī)旁，敲打鍵盤，一字一字地敲打，為了蘇聯(lián)的利益背叛了自己的國家。”

The jury found the Rosenbergs guilty of espionage conspiracy, and the presiding judge, Irving R. Kaufman, sentenced them to death. Appeals failed, and the Rosenbergs, who rejected all entreaties to name collaborators and insisted they were not guilty, were executed at Sing Sing on June 19, 1953. A co-defendant, Morton Sobell, was also convicted and was imprisoned for 18 years.

陪審團(tuán)裁定羅森伯格夫婦犯有間諜共謀罪，首席法官歐文·R·考夫曼(Irving R. Kaufman)對他們處以死刑判決。上訴失敗，羅森伯格夫婦于1953年6月19在新新懲教所(Sing Sing)被執(zhí)行死刑。兩人拒絕了所有希望他們供出通敵者的懇求，并堅稱自己無罪。共同被告莫頓·索貝爾(Morton Sobell)也被定罪，并被監(jiān)禁了18年。

Mrs. Greenglass was not prosecuted. Mr. Greenglass was sentenced to 15 years, but was released in 1960 after nine and a half. He rejoined his wife and for decades lived quietly in the New York area, working as a machinist and inventor.

露絲沒有遭到起訴。格林格拉斯被判15年監(jiān)禁，但在服刑九年半后，于1960年獲釋。他與妻子重新團(tuán)聚，在紐約地區(qū)默默地生活了數(shù)十年，以機(jī)工和發(fā)明為業(yè)。

A 1983 book by Ronald Radosh and Joyce Milton, “The Rosenberg File: A Search for the Truth,” rekindled interest, concluding that Mr. Rosenberg was a dedicated spy but that his wife had played only a minor role, and raising questions about the evidence and the government’s tactics in the case. Mr. Radosh and Sol Stern also interviewed Mr. Greenglass for an article in The New Republic.

羅納德·拉多什(Ronald Radosh)和喬伊斯·米爾頓(Ronald Radosh and Joyce Milton)1983年出版的《羅森伯格案：尋求真相》(The Rosenberg File: A Search for the Truth)再次引發(fā)興趣，該書斷定，朱利葉斯·羅森伯格是一名專業(yè)間諜，但他妻子的作用非常小，并對該案中的證據(jù)及政府策略提出質(zhì)疑。拉多什和索爾·斯特恩(Sol Stern)在為《新共和》(The New Republic)撰稿時采訪了格林格拉斯。

Sam Roberts, a Times editor and reporter, later found Mr. Greenglass and, after a 13-year effort, obtained 50 hours of interviews that led to a book, “The Brother: The Untold Story of the Rosenberg Case.” In the book, Mr. Greenglass admitted that, to spare his wife from prosecution, he had testified that his sister typed his notes. In fact, he said, he could not recall who had done it.

《紐約時報》編輯、記者薩姆·羅伯茨(Sam Roberts)后來找到了格林格拉斯，經(jīng)過13年的努力，對他進(jìn)行了50個小時的采訪，并出版了《解密羅森伯格案》(The Brother: The Untold Story of the Rosenberg Case)一書。格林格拉斯在書中承認(rèn)，為了讓妻子免遭起訴，他作證稱是姐姐打字發(fā)出情報。他表示，實際上，他記不起是誰發(fā)出的情報。

“I don’t remember that at all,” Mr. Greenglass said. “I frankly think my wife did the typing, but I don’t remember.”

“我根本不記得，”格林格拉斯說。“說實話我認(rèn)為打字的是我的妻子，但我不記得了。”

He said he had no regrets. “My wife is more important to me than my sister. Or my mother or my father, O.K.? And she was the mother of my children.”

他稱自己不后悔。“對我來說，妻子比姐姐重要。比我的母親或父親重要，不行嗎?她是我孩子的母親。”

In a 2008 interview with Mr. Roberts, Mr. Sobell admitted that he had given military secrets to the Soviet Union, and concurred in what has become a consensus among historians: that the Greenglass-Rosenberg atomic bomb details were of little value to the Soviets, except to corroborate what they already knew, and that Ethel Rosenberg had played no active role in the conspiracy.

在2008年接受羅伯茨采訪時，索貝爾承認(rèn)，他曾為蘇聯(lián)提供軍事秘密，他同意歷史學(xué)家們達(dá)成的共識：對于蘇聯(lián)來說，格林格拉斯-羅森伯格提供的原子彈細(xì)節(jié)信息除了證實他們已知的信息外，沒有什么價值，埃塞爾·羅森伯格在該共謀案中沒有扮演積極角色。

David Greenglass was born on the Lower East Side on March 2, 1922, to immigrants from Russia and Austria. He was 14 when he met Julius Rosenberg, who began courting Ethel, who was seven years older than David, in 1936. The Rosenbergs were married in 1939.

1922年3月2日，戴維·格林格拉斯出生在下東區(qū)的一個俄羅斯及奧地利移民家庭。1936年，也就是在格林格拉斯14歲的時候，他認(rèn)識了朱利葉斯·羅森伯格，當(dāng)時羅森伯格開始追求比戴維大七歲的埃塞爾。羅森伯格夫婦于1939年結(jié)婚。

David graduated from Haaren High School in 1940 with only fair grades. He attended Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, but flunked out.

1940年，戴維從哈倫高中(Haaren High School)畢業(yè)，成績一般。他進(jìn)入布魯克林理工學(xué)院(Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute)學(xué)習(xí)，但最終退學(xué)。

Mr. Greenglass and Ruth Printz, who had been neighbors, childhood sweethearts and members of the Young Communist League, were married in 1942. They had a son and a daughter, who survive him.

格林格拉斯與鄰居露絲·普林茨(Ruth Printz)青梅竹馬，并于1942年結(jié)婚。他們都是共青團(tuán)(Young Communist League)成員。兩人育有一兒一女，目前仍然在世。