被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)

　　. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)變化

　　被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成，be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為例，各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式為：

　　1) am/is/are +done (過去分詞) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

　　Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

　　2)was/were done 一般過去時(shí)

　　I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

　　進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)加being

　　3) am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　A new cinema is being built here.

　　4) was/were being done 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　A meeting was being held when I was there.

　　完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)加been

　　5) has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

　　All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.

　　6) had been done 過去完成時(shí)

　　By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.

　　將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)加be

　　7) shall/will be done 一般將來時(shí)

　　Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

　　8) should/would be done 過去將來時(shí)

　　The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.

　　9) be going to do 一般將來時(shí)

　　----be going to be done

　　The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting .

　　10) be to do 一般將來時(shí)

　　--- be to be done

　　The meeting is to be held on the 10th of October .

　　11) will be doing 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　------will be being done

　　You will be doing the experiment here at this time next Monday.

　　下周一的這個(gè)時(shí)候，你正在這兒做實(shí)驗(yàn)。

　　----The experiment will be being done here at this time next Monday.

　　12) shall/will have been done 將來完成時(shí)(少用)

　　The project will have been completed before July.

　　13) have / has been doing 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　---- have / has been being done

　　Our teacher has been teaching this lesson for three weeks.

　　我們老師一直在教這一課已有三周了。

　　-----This lesson has been being taught for three weeks.

　　14) should/would have been done 過去將來完成時(shí)(少用)

　　He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.

　　應(yīng)用到各種時(shí)態(tài)和句型如下：

　　① 一般式(一般現(xiàn)在，一般過去，一般將來)：am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done.ie. Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 本句的意思是：“環(huán)境一旦遭到破壞，需要多年時(shí)間才能恢復(fù)過來。”do作為及物動(dòng)詞有“引起，產(chǎn)生”的含義，do damage的意思是“造成破壞”。主語damage是及物動(dòng)詞do的動(dòng)作對(duì)象，謂語應(yīng)當(dāng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。同樣的，還有，I will mend the machine.相當(dāng)于The machine will be mended (by me).

　?、?進(jìn)行時(shí)(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行、過去進(jìn)行、將來進(jìn)行)：be+being+P.P. ie.The classroom is being cleaned.

　?、?完成時(shí)(現(xiàn)在完成、過去完成、將來完成)：have/has been + P.P.：例如The machine will have been repaired by 3 o’clock this afternoon.再如：My homework has been finished.

　?、?其他時(shí)態(tài)依詞類推，可得到結(jié)果。

　?、?情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語 + 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞，例如Your teeth must be brushed.

　?、?不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：to be done例：The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.(確定超過接待能力的預(yù)定時(shí)必須考慮預(yù)定了房間卻來不了的客人。)

　?、?、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)的幾個(gè)特殊情況

　?、?有些動(dòng)詞在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中，后面接不帶to的不定式，但如果改為被動(dòng)，則需把省略的to加上，這類動(dòng)詞有hear, watch, make, help, let等，如：The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day.改成My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.

　　② 含有賓語從句的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)，通常用it作為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的先行主語，從句放在句子后面/也可采用另一種形式，這類動(dòng)詞有：know, say, believe, find, think, report等

　?、?是所有的主動(dòng)句都可以變換成被動(dòng)句，更不是所有的被動(dòng)句都可以自由變換成主動(dòng)句。雖然語法原則上允許主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)句的互相轉(zhuǎn)換，但有的句子轉(zhuǎn)換后會(huì)變成不通順或不地道的英語句子。因此，在某些題目里，這也成為判斷應(yīng)該用主動(dòng)還是用被動(dòng)的依據(jù)。

　　例：At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm.

　　在這段文章里，a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van這句被動(dòng)句強(qiáng)調(diào)出讀到文章的人最關(guān)心的事故的受害者。The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital這句話則說明了孩子被送到醫(yī)院的事實(shí)，至于是由誰(某個(gè)過路人?或肇事司機(jī)?)送的不重要。he was treated for shock and a broken arm這句被動(dòng)句無須說出treat這個(gè)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，因?yàn)樵卺t(yī)院，傷病員自然由醫(yī)務(wù)人員處理，無須羅嗦。這樣，這段文章就重點(diǎn)突出，條理清楚了。

　　④ 有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個(gè)賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。多是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z。這樣句子自然些。直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時(shí)，間接賓語要變?yōu)槟硞€(gè)介詞的賓語，介詞to可以省略。如His father left him this house.改為This house was left (to) him by his father.

　　⑤ 有些動(dòng)詞雖為及物，但賓語并非是動(dòng)作承受者，不能轉(zhuǎn)換，這些動(dòng)詞有have, hold(容納),suit, fit, lack, become(適合)contain, cost, last, mean, suffice(足夠)等。

　?、?當(dāng)直接賓語為反身代詞、相互代詞或賓語前有指代主語的物主代詞時(shí)不用被動(dòng)，如I shook my head.我搖搖頭。

　　⑦ 當(dāng)賓語為同源賓語(與主句指同一人)，動(dòng)名詞，動(dòng)詞不定式或一個(gè)從句時(shí)不用被動(dòng)。如John enjoyed seeing the fil,.

　?、?在一些固定說法中，有些名詞和動(dòng)詞結(jié)合的固定說法，不能改We Chinese always keep our word.

　　⑨ 某些從不及物動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的及物動(dòng)詞，直接賓語在表示動(dòng)作的方式或效果時(shí)，這些動(dòng)詞在意思上起狀語的作用，沒有被動(dòng)The girl kissed her boyfriend good night=The girl said good night to her boyfriend by kissing him.

　?、?表地點(diǎn)\處所\組織\長度\大小\數(shù)量\程度\抽象名詞的詞做賓語時(shí)不用被動(dòng).

　　? 某些“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞”短語,walk into, listen to, sleep in, agree with, shake hands with, belong to, take part in, keep up with不能用被動(dòng)。

　　? 某些詞用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)：sell, miss, build, grow, look, smell, taste, sound, feel等