老外常用的縮寫(xiě)，你知道幾個(gè)？

Some abbreviations are appropriate in academic writing, while others are not appropriate. Below you'll find a list of abbreviations you are likely to use in your experience as a student.

在論文寫(xiě)作中，不是所有縮寫(xiě)的使用都是恰當(dāng)?shù)摹Ｔ谙旅娴膬?nèi)容中，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有許多作為學(xué)生會(huì)用到的縮寫(xiě)。

Abbreviations for College Degrees

大學(xué)學(xué)位的縮寫(xiě)

1.A.A.

Associate of Arts: A two-year degree in any specific liberal art or a general degree covering a mix of courses in liberal arts and sciences. It is acceptable to use the A.A. abbreviation in place of the full degree name.

副學(xué)士：指代兩年制的所有文科或文理科綜合課程學(xué)位。也可以用A.A來(lái)代替完整的學(xué)位名稱。

For example: Alfred earned an A.A. at the local community college.

阿爾弗雷德在當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鐓^(qū)大學(xué)完成了副學(xué)士學(xué)位。

2.A.A.S.

Associate of Applied Science: A two-year degree in a technical or a science field. Example: Dorothy earned an A.A.S. in culinary arts after she earned her high school degree.

應(yīng)用科學(xué)副學(xué)士：科技或科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的兩年制學(xué)位。例如：在獲得高中學(xué)歷后，桃樂(lè)西又獲得了烹飪藝術(shù)學(xué)士學(xué)位。

3.A.B.D.

All But Dissertation: This refers to a student who has completed all the requirements for a Ph.D. except for the dissertation. It is used primarily in reference to doctoral candidates whose dissertation is in progress, to state that the candidate is eligible to apply for positions that require a Ph.D. The abbreviation is acceptable in place of the full expression.

準(zhǔn)博士：指完成了所有博士生要求的學(xué)生，論文除外。主要用來(lái)指代論文還未完成的博士研究生，表示他有資格申請(qǐng)博士學(xué)位。這個(gè)縮寫(xiě)也可以代替完整的表達(dá)。

4.A.F.A.

Associate of Fine Arts: A two-year degree in a field of creative art such as painting, sculpting, photography, theater, and fashion design. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing.

美術(shù)副學(xué)士：在藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作領(lǐng)域，如繪畫(huà)、雕塑、攝影、戲劇和服裝設(shè)計(jì)等的兩年制學(xué)士。該縮寫(xiě)也可以在所有非常正式的寫(xiě)作中使用。

5.B.A.

Bachelor of Arts: An undergraduate, four-year degree in a liberal arts or sciences.

從四年制文科或理科大學(xué)畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生。

The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing.

該縮寫(xiě)也可以在所有非常正式的寫(xiě)作中使用。

6.B.F.A.

Bachelor of Fine Arts: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a field of creative art. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing.

在藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作專業(yè)畢業(yè)的四年制學(xué)士學(xué)位。該縮寫(xiě)也可以在所有非常正式的寫(xiě)作中使用。

7.B.S.

Bachelor of Science: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a science. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing.

四年制理學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位。該縮寫(xiě)也可以在所有非常正式的寫(xiě)作中使用。

Note: Students enter college for the first time as undergraduates pursuing either a two-year (associate's) or a four-year (bachelor's) degree. Many universities have a separate college within called a graduate school, where students may choose to continue their education to pursue a higher degree.

畢業(yè)后第一次進(jìn)入大學(xué)的學(xué)生們要么是兩年制(副學(xué)士)，要么是四年制(學(xué)士)學(xué)位。許多大學(xué)都設(shè)有單獨(dú)的學(xué)院，稱為研究院，學(xué)生們可以選擇繼續(xù)學(xué)業(yè)還是考取更高的學(xué)位。

8.M.A.

Master of Arts: The master's degree is a degree earned in graduate school. The M.A. is a master's degree in one of the liberal arts awarded to students who study one or two years after earning a bachelor's degree.

碩士學(xué)位是在研究院獲得的。M.A指的是在學(xué)生們?cè)讷@得學(xué)士學(xué)位后，經(jīng)過(guò)一到兩年的學(xué)習(xí)，獲得的文科領(lǐng)域的文學(xué)碩士學(xué)位。

9.M.Ed.

Master of Education: The master's degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in the field of education.

學(xué)生們?cè)诮逃I(lǐng)域獲得的碩士學(xué)位。

10.M.S.

Master of Science: The master's degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in science or technology.

學(xué)生們?cè)诳茖W(xué)或技術(shù)領(lǐng)域獲得的碩士學(xué)位。

Abbreviations for Titles

頭銜的縮寫(xiě)

1.Dr.

Doctor: When referring to a college professor, the title usually refers to a Doctor of Philosophy, the highest degree in many fields. (In some fields of study the master's degree is the highest possible degree.) It is generally acceptable (preferable) to abbreviate this title when addressing professors in writing and when conducting academic and nonacademic writing.

當(dāng)我們提到大學(xué)教授時(shí)，這個(gè)頭銜通常是指博士，即許多領(lǐng)域中最高的學(xué)位。(在一些領(lǐng)域中，碩士學(xué)位是最高學(xué)位)當(dāng)我們?cè)趯?xiě)作中，以及在學(xué)術(shù)非學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作中提到教授，可以使用該縮寫(xiě)。

2.Esq.

Esquire: Historically, the abbreviation Esq. has been used as a title of courtesy and respect.

從歷史觀點(diǎn)上說(shuō)，Esp.是處于禮儀和尊重而使用的一種頭銜。

In the United States, the title is generally used as a title for lawyers, after the full name.

在美國(guó)，人們會(huì)用該縮寫(xiě)指代律師，前面加上該律師的全名。

Example: John Hendrik, Esq.

約翰·昆昂里克律師

It is appropriate to use the abbreviation Esq. in formal and academic writing.

在正式寫(xiě)作和學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作中，我們可以使用該縮寫(xiě)。

3.Prof.

Professor: When referring to a professor in nonacademic and informal writing, it is acceptable to abbreviate when you use the full name. It is best to use the full title before a surname alone. Example:

在非學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作及非正式寫(xiě)作中，它指的是教授，該縮寫(xiě)也可以與全名連用。最好是在姓的前面使用完整的頭銜。

I'll invite Prof. Johnson to appear as a speaker at our next meeting.

下次會(huì)議，我會(huì)邀請(qǐng)約翰遜教授來(lái)發(fā)言。

Professor Mark Johnson is speaking at our next meeting.

馬克·約翰遜教授會(huì)在我們下次的會(huì)議中發(fā)言。

4.Mr. and Mrs.

The abbreviations Mr. and Mrs. are shortened versions of mister and mistress. Both terms, when spelled out, are considered antiquated and outdated when it comes to academic writing. However, the term mister is still used in very formal writing (formal invitations) and military writing.

Mr.和Mrs.是mister和mistress的縮寫(xiě)形式。這兩個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)如果在學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作中直接拼寫(xiě)出來(lái)，會(huì)顯得過(guò)時(shí)和老套。但是，在非常正式的寫(xiě)作(正式邀請(qǐng))和軍事類寫(xiě)作中仍會(huì)用到mister這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。

Do not use mister or mistress when addressing a teacher, a professor, or a potential employer.

在對(duì)老師、教授或潛在雇主進(jìn)行問(wèn)候時(shí)，不要使用mister或mistress。

5.Ph.D.

Doctor of Philosophy: As a title, the Ph.D. comes after the name of a professor who has earned the highest degree awarded by a graduate school. The degree may be called a doctoral degree or a doctorate.

Ph.D作為一個(gè)頭銜，跟在教授的名字后面，而教授則是研究生院最高學(xué)位的人。這種學(xué)位也被稱為博士學(xué)位或博士頭銜。

Example: Sara Edwards, Ph.D.

例子：薩拉·愛(ài)德華茲

You would address a person who signs correspondence as "Sara Edwards, Ph.D." as Dr. Edwards.

當(dāng)一個(gè)人署名薩拉·愛(ài)德華茲博士時(shí)，你可以寫(xiě)作Dr.Edwards。