在這個身心疲憊的期間，公園比以往任何時候都重要

在這個身心疲憊的期間，公園比以往任何時候都重要

The Covid-19 pandemic has altered humans' relationship with natural landscapes in ways that may be long-lasting. One of its most direct effects on people's daily lives is reduced access to public parks.

Covid-19流行病以可能持久的方式改變了人類與自然景觀的關系。它對人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钭钪苯拥挠绊懼皇菧p少了進入公園的機會。

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued guidelines urging Americans to stay at home whenever feasible, and to avoid discretionary travel and gatherings of more than 10 people. Emergency declarations and stay-at-home orders vary from state to state, but many jurisdictions have closed state and county parks, as well as smaller parks, playgrounds, beaches and other outdoor destinations.

美國疾病控制與預防中心發(fā)布了指導意見，敦促美國人盡可能呆在家里，避免隨意出行和10人以上的聚會。各州的緊急聲明和居家令各不相同，但許多司法管轄區(qū)已經(jīng)關閉了州和縣公園，以及較小的公園、游樂場、海灘和其他戶外目的地。

There's good reason for these actions, especially in places where people have spurned social distancing rules. But particularly in urban environments, parks are important to human health and well-being.

這些措施是有充分理由的，尤其是在人們已經(jīng)摒棄了社會距離規(guī)則的地方。但公園對人類健康和福祉至關重要，特別是在城市環(huán)境中。

As a landscape architect, I believe that Frederick Law Olmsted, the founder of our field, took the right approach. Olmsted served as general secretary of the United States Sanitary Commission during the Civil War, and his knowledge of contagious diseases informed his visions for his great North American urban parks, including Central Park in New York, Mount Royal Park in Montreal and Boston's Emerald Necklace park system.

作為一名景觀設計師，我相信我們這個領域的創(chuàng)始人弗雷德里克·勞·奧姆斯特德的做法是正確的。奧姆斯特德在美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間擔任美國衛(wèi)生委員會秘書長，他對傳染病的了解幫助他構想了北美的大型城市公園，包括紐約的中央公園、蒙特利爾的皇家山公園和波士頓的翡翠項鏈公園系統(tǒng)。

In my view, closing parks and public green spaces should be a temporary, last-resort measure for disease control, and reopening closed parks should be a priority as cities emerge from shutdowns.

在我看來，關閉公園和公共綠地應該是控制疾病的臨時、最后手段，而重新開放關閉的公園應該是城市從封鎖向恢復的優(yōu)先事項。

Making healthy places

打造健康的場所

Olmsted was born in 1822 but became a landscape architect rather late in his career, at age 43. His ideas evolved from a diverse and unique set of experiences.

奧姆斯特德生于1822年，但在他職業(yè)生涯的晚期，在43歲時成為了一名風景園林師。他的想法是從一系列不同而獨特的經(jīng)歷中發(fā)展而來的。

From the start, Olmsted recognized the positive effect of nature, noting how urban trees provided a "soothing and refreshing sanitary influence." His "sanitary style" of design offered more than mere decoration. "Service must precede art" was his cry.

從一開始，奧姆斯特德就認識到了自然的積極影響，注意到城市樹木如何提供了“舒緩和清新的衛(wèi)生影響。”他的“衛(wèi)生風格”設計提供的不僅僅是裝飾。他的口號是“服務必須先于藝術”。

Antidotes to urban stress

城市壓力的解藥

The insights Olmsted gained into connections between space, disease control and public health clearly influenced his landscape architectural career and the design of many urban park systems. For example, his design for the interlinked parks that forms Boston's Emerald Necklace foreshadowed the concept of green infrastructure.

奧姆斯特德對空間、疾病控制和公共衛(wèi)生之間的聯(lián)系所獲得的見解顯然影響了他的景觀建筑生涯和許多城市公園系統(tǒng)的設計。例如，他設計的相互連接的公園構成了波士頓的翡翠項鏈，預示著綠色基礎設施的概念。

Olmsted also designed America's first bike lane, which originated in Brooklyn, New York's Prospect Park. Of the tree-lined boulevards in his design for Central Park, Olmsted said, "Air is disinfected by sunlight and foliage. Foliage also acts mechanically to purify the air by screening it."

奧姆斯特德還設計了美國第一條自行車道，它起源于紐約布魯克林的展望公園。奧姆斯特德說，在他為中央公園設計的林蔭大道上，“陽光和樹葉對空氣進行了消毒。樹葉也能通過機械過濾來凈化空氣。”

In all of his urban parks, Olmsted sought to immerse visitors in restorative and therapeutic natural landscapes -- an experience he viewed as the most profound and effective antidote to the stress and ailments of urban life.

在他(設計的)所有的城市公園中，奧姆斯特德試圖讓游客沉浸在具有恢復性和治療性的自然景觀中——在他看來，這種體驗是對城市生活中的壓力和疾病最深刻和有效的解藥。