默克爾的理想與使命

A former teacher recalls little Angela Merkel trotting around her East German school in the blue shirt of the FDJ, the communist youth organisation. Later, Merkel served as cultural secretary for the FDJ while working as a physicist at the Academy of Sciences. She conformed to the status quo despite never believing in communism.

一位以前的老師回憶起年少的安格拉•默克爾(Angela Merkel)在東德的校園里四處奔跑著，穿著共青團(tuán)組織德意志自由青年同盟(FDJ)的藍(lán)色襯衫。后來，默克爾在FDJ擔(dān)任宣傳秘書，同時(shí)也是東德科學(xué)院的物理學(xué)家。即使從不信奉共產(chǎn)主義，她也安于當(dāng)時(shí)的現(xiàn)狀。

These seem strange beginnings for a German chancellor. Yet there is continuity. A consistent picture of Merkel emerges from five recent biographies: by Stefan Kornelius in German, Marion Van Renterghem in French, Matthew Qvortrup in English, Michèle de Waard in Dutch, plus a critical conservative German collection edited by Philip Plickert*. The woman almost certain to be re-elected on September 24 has a genius for locating the centre of any society she finds herself in. Henry Kissinger, a longtime confidant, once said she appears “the perfect expression of her time”. Merkel is an opportunist who often U-turns, yet she seems well suited to lead the west.

這些對(duì)于一位德國總理來說，是很離奇的開端。但仍存在著連續(xù)性。從近來的五本傳記中可以看出默克爾一貫的形象，這五本傳記的作者分別是：德國的斯特凡•科內(nèi)柳斯(Stefan Kornelius)、法國的馬利翁•范•倫特赫姆(Marion Van Renterghem)、英國的馬修•奎特普(Matthew Qvortrup)、荷蘭的米歇爾•迪•沃德(Michèle de Waard)、以及菲利普•普里克特(Philip Plickert)編輯的一部批判性的、保守的德文集。這位幾乎無疑將在9月24日的大選中再度當(dāng)選的女性有一種天賦，能夠定位出她所在的任何一個(gè)組織的中心。其多年的好友亨利•基辛格(Henry Kissinger)曾說，默克爾似乎“是她那個(gè)時(shí)代的完美表現(xiàn)”。默克爾是一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)主義者，態(tài)度經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)180度的大轉(zhuǎn)彎，但她似乎很適合領(lǐng)導(dǎo)西方。

Communist East Germany shaped her. In her first 35 years she learnt that ideology is mostly bunk; became a physicist because the field was scarcely infected by Marxism-Leninism; and dreamt of being free to fulfil herself. Only months after the Berlin Wall fell, she embraced her vocation: Chancellor Helmut Kohl put her in his cabinet as a token female East German.

共產(chǎn)主義東德塑造了她。她從生命中的前35年學(xué)到意識(shí)形態(tài)是靠不住的;后來成為了一名物理學(xué)家，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)領(lǐng)域幾乎沒有受到馬克思列寧主義的影響;并夢(mèng)想著自由地實(shí)現(xiàn)自我。就在柏林墻倒塌的幾個(gè)月后，她欣然接受了自己的使命：赫爾穆特•科爾(Helmut Kohl)總理把她拉進(jìn)自己的內(nèi)閣，作為女性東德人的一個(gè)象征。

She found many male politicians vain, verbose and under-informed. They initially dismissed her as a boring beta-female, and underestimated her will to power. Kohl called her “clueless” and said she “never quite learnt to eat with a knife and fork”. In 1999 she knifed him in the back, then outwitted her rival Wolfgang Schäuble to become chancellor. She doesn’t bother with grudges: Schäuble became her trusted finance minister.

她發(fā)現(xiàn)許多男性政治家都自負(fù)、啰嗦還孤陋寡聞。他們起初認(rèn)為她是個(gè)無聊的小女人，并低估了她的權(quán)力欲?？茽栒f她“一竅不通”并說她“從來沒學(xué)會(huì)用刀叉吃飯”。1999年她給了科爾背后一擊，然后以智取勝，戰(zhàn)勝了她的對(duì)手沃爾夫?qū)?bull;朔伊布勒(Wolfgang Schäuble)成為總理。她不計(jì)前嫌：朔伊布勒成為了她信任的財(cái)政部長。

Her chancellor’s office is 10 minutes’ walk from her former squat in East Berlin; she hasn’t strayed far from her origins. Confronted with a problem, she gathers expert evidence like a scientist. In 2007, about to go into an opera, she received a text from her financial counsellor: “IKB is in trouble.” Merkel replied (according to De Waard), “What’s IKB?” It was a German bank, which, after dabbling in US subprime assets, needed billions in bailouts.

她的總理辦公室離她在東柏林的居所只有10分鐘的路程;她并沒有偏離自己的出身。遇到問題時(shí)，她會(huì)像一名科學(xué)家一樣搜集專業(yè)證據(jù)。2007年，正要去歌劇院時(shí)，她收到了一則來自財(cái)政顧問的短信：“IKB遇到麻煩了。”默克爾重復(fù)著(據(jù)迪•沃德寫道)，“IKB是什么?”IKB是一家德國銀行，在涉足美國的次貸資產(chǎn)后，需要數(shù)十億財(cái)政援助。

When the euro crisis broke, Merkel knew little about finance. She only had her standard German reflexes: distrust of market “speculators”, trust in corporations. Teaching herself the subject, she discovered with dismay that economists — unlike physicists — routinely gave her wrong analyses. Still, she enjoyed impromptu seminars on the “fat tail” theory of markets. Complexity doesn’t scare her. After all, she reminds herself, as a physicist she mastered integral calculus.

當(dāng)歐元危機(jī)爆發(fā)時(shí)，默克爾對(duì)金融所知甚少。她僅能做出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的德國人的反應(yīng)：不信任市場(chǎng)“投機(jī)者”，信任企業(yè)。她自學(xué)金融，沮喪地發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們——跟物理學(xué)家不一樣——經(jīng)常給她錯(cuò)誤的分析。盡管如此，她還是喜歡那些關(guān)于市場(chǎng)“厚尾”理論的即興研討會(huì)。復(fù)雜嚇不倒她。畢竟，她提醒自己，作為一個(gè)物理學(xué)家，她精通積分學(xué)。

She moves slowly — often too slowly in the euro crisis, which she compared to driving through fog. But she dislikes decisions of impulse. Even in a helicopter under fire from Taliban rockets in Afghanistan, Merkel stayed cool. She has learnt to suppress her instinct to burst into tears in a conflict, writes Qvortrup. Now bullies just bounce off her placidity. East Germany’s 1970 junior champion in Russian and maths has even built a working relationship with Vladimir Putin. In private, she has fun mimicking narcissistic male leaders.

她行動(dòng)遲緩——在歐元危機(jī)中往往太慢了，她將此比作驅(qū)車穿過濃霧。但她不喜歡沖動(dòng)之下做決定。即便在阿富汗乘坐直升機(jī)遭到塔利班火箭襲擊時(shí)，默克爾仍保持冷靜。奎特普寫道，她學(xué)會(huì)了在沖突中克制哭泣的本能。如今，恫嚇只是反襯出她的平靜。1970年，默克爾獲得東德俄語和數(shù)學(xué)中學(xué)競(jìng)賽的冠軍，這甚至讓她建立了與弗拉基米爾•普京(Vladimir Putin)的工作關(guān)系。私下里，她以模仿自戀狂男性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人為樂。

One colleague who read her correctly was Tony Blair. He grasped that this eastern Lutheran divorcée leading the largely western Catholic Christian Democrats was, like him, an intruder in her own party. Like Blair, she sought to park herself in her country’s political centre. She unashamedly studies opinion polls. But whereas Blair liked adventure, Merkel’s concern is the west’s survival. Having watched East Germany implode, she believes the southern Europeans might go the same way if they don’t make their economies competitive.

真正懂她的同事是托尼•布萊爾(Tony Blair)。布萊爾知道，這位離過婚的來自德國東部的路德教徒，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)著黨員基本上是西部天主教徒的基民盟(Christian Democrats)，她與自己一樣都是本黨派中的“外人”。與布萊爾一樣，默克爾尋求讓自己進(jìn)入本國的政治核心。她坦然地研究民調(diào)。但是盡管布萊爾喜歡冒險(xiǎn)，默克爾擔(dān)心的卻是西方的存亡。她從東德垮掉的經(jīng)歷中明白，如果南歐人不增強(qiáng)他們經(jīng)濟(jì)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，就會(huì)走上同樣的道路。

Her métier is managing the foreign crises that threaten placid Germany: financial crisis, euro crisis, Crimean crisis and, now, the Trump crisis. De Waard calls her “Europe’s fire-brigade commander”. Merkel is agile, and changes direction based on new information. She backed the Iraq war and nuclear power, then didn’t. She refused to bail out Greece, then did. In September 2015, she suddenly let in a million refugees. Each time she searched for the sweet spot between Germany’s political centre, her rational analysis and the outside world’s demands. She likes compromising — the essential skill in German or European politics.

她的專長是管理擾亂德國平靜的外國危機(jī)：金融危機(jī)、歐元危機(jī)、克里米亞危機(jī)以及現(xiàn)在的特朗普危機(jī)。德沃德將她稱為“歐洲的消防指揮官”。默克爾思維敏銳，擅長隨機(jī)應(yīng)變。她最初支持伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和核能，隨后又改變立場(chǎng)。她最初拒絕紓困希臘，隨后又同意紓困。2015年9月，她突然允許100萬難民進(jìn)入德國。每次她都會(huì)尋找德國政治中心、自己的理性分析和外部世界需求之間的“甜蜜點(diǎn)”。她喜歡妥協(xié)——這是德國或者歐洲政界的根本技能。

But every great politician has a core, one or two beliefs she won’t trade away. The refugees belatedly revealed Merkel’s. She treasures the individual’s freedom to make his or her own life. In October 2015, writes Qvortrup, when Hungary’s prime minister Victor Orbán advised Germany at an EU summit to build a fence, Merkel let a silence fall, then said, “I lived a long time behind a fence. It is not something I wish to do again.” Welcoming the refugees was the one time she spent political capital. But now she calls it a one-off. Germany’s centre wouldn’t bear a repeat.

但每個(gè)偉大的政治家都有一個(gè)核心，即一兩個(gè)不會(huì)交易的信念。難民終于揭示出默克爾的核心是什么。她珍視個(gè)人決定生活方向的自由。2015年10月，當(dāng)匈牙利總理歐爾班•維克托(Viktor Orban)在歐盟峰會(huì)上建議德國建造隔離墻的時(shí)候，默克爾沉默了一下，然后說道：“我曾經(jīng)很長時(shí)間生活在隔離墻后面。這不是我希望再次做的事情。”為了歡迎難民，她動(dòng)用了政治資本。但現(xiàn)在她把它稱為一次性的。德國的政治中心不會(huì)容忍此類事情再次發(fā)生。

Her job description keeps expanding: from leader of Germany to leader of Europe, to leader of the west since Donald Trump. Meanwhile, Merkel remains the same. Every evening, writes Van Renterghem, she returns to her simple fourth-floor flat near Berlin’s Museum Island, where the buzzer bears her husband’s name: “Prof Dr Sauer.”

她的職位描述不斷擴(kuò)大：從德國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人到歐洲領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，再到唐納德•特朗普(Donald Trump)上臺(tái)以來的西方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。與此同時(shí)，默克爾依然是默克爾。范倫特赫姆寫道，每天晚上，她都會(huì)回到位于柏林博物館島(Museum Island)附近的簡(jiǎn)陋4樓公寓住所，那里的門鈴上寫著她丈夫的名字：“紹爾博士，教授”。