概括大意與完成句子 實戰(zhàn)演練 一

（一）Communication Principles

How you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate. "Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he (or she) is the center." Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them. But every day we experience the centrality of our selves in communication. A student, for instance, may describe a conflict with a teacher as unfair treatment: "I know my teacher doesn't like the fact that I don't agree with his opinions, and that's why he gave me such a poor grade in that class." The teacher might say the opposite. Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other person's view is wrong.

The concept of self originates in communication. Through verbal and nonverbal symbols, a child learns to accept roles in response to the expectations of others. You establish self-image, the sort of person you believe you are, by how others think of you. Positive, negative, and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are. Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process. Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people. In a more obvious way, communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share. So, the communication begins with the self, as defined largely by others, and involves others, as defined largely by the self.

Communication occurs almost every minute of your life. If you are not communicating with yourself (thinking, planning, reacting to the world around you), you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behaviour. Even if the other person did not intend a message for you, you gather observations and draw specific conclusions. A person yawns and you believe that person is bored with your message. A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you. A third person smiles (perhaps because of a memory of a joke he heard recently) and you believe that he is attracted to you. We are continually picking up meanings from others' behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them.

More often than not, you may have hurt someone accidentally and you may have tried to explain that you did not mean that. You may have told the other person that you were sorry for your statement. You may have made a joke out of your rude statement. Nonetheless, your comment remains both in the mind of the other person and in your own mind. You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others. When you tried to re-create the atmosphere, the conversation, and the setting, nothing seemed right. Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results. Anyway, communication cannot be reversed (倒退), nor can it be repeated.

1. Paragraph 1________.

2. Paragraph 2________.

3. Paragraph 3________.

4. Paragraph 4________.

* * *

A. Centralism

B. Communication involves both self and others

C. You can't repeat one conversation

D. Your view of yourself decides your way of communication

E. How to apologize to others

F. Communication occurs everywhere

* * *

5. Many social scientists believe that________.

6. It is probable that communication is understood as________.

7. If a person looks away from you, you might think that________.

8. If you have hurt someone by accident, you can't________.

* * *

A. the interaction between people

B. people are easily influenced by others' opinions

C. establishment of the self-image

D. he or she hasn't paid any attention to your words

E. apologize to them

F. reverse your conversation with them

* * *

［答案解析］

1．D。［解析］第一段主題句為第一句：How you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate. 句子意為：一個人如何看待自己會影響他與別人交流的方式。選項D是對該句意思的同義改寫，故D為正確答案。

2．B。［解析］第二段主題句是最后一句：So, the communication begins with the self, as defined largely by others, and involves others, as defined largely by the self. 句子意為：故交流開始時會在很大程度上受到他人對自己看法的影響，進而自己對他人的看法也會在一定程度上影響彼此間的交流。由此可推斷該段說明了交流是雙方的，即交流中，雙方是互相影響的。選項B與其意思一致。

3．F。［解析］第三段主題句為第一句：Communication occurs almost every minute of your life. 句子意為：交流幾乎發(fā)生在我們生命的每時每刻。也就是說，交流是隨時隨地會發(fā)生的。選項F與其意思一致，故F為正確答案。

4．C。［解析］第四段主題句是最后一句：Anyway, communication cannot be reversed (倒退), nor can it be repeated. 句子意為：無論如何，人們之間的交流過程是不可能重新來過的。即任何人都不可能使時間倒流，使交流重新發(fā)生。選項C與其表達一致，故C為正確答案。

5．B。［解析］根據題干線索詞social scientists將原文定位至第一段第三句：Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them. 該句說明人們很容易受他人對自己看法的影響，與選項B表達一致，故B為正確答案。

6．A。［解析］根據“題目順序與段落順序基本保持一致”的出題規(guī)律，可將原文定位至第二段，瀏覽該段后進而定位至該段第五句：Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process. 選項A是對該句的同義復現，故A為正確答案。

7．D。［解析］根據題干線索詞a person looks away from you可將原文定位至第三段第五句：A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you. 句中that person is not listening to you與D選項he or she hasn't paid any attention to your words意思一致，故D為正確答案。

8．F。［解析］根據題干線索詞hurt someone by accident，定位原文至最后一段，這里accidentally意思同by accident。繼續(xù)閱讀會發(fā)現在該段第五句中提到：You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others. 意思是你不能使時間倒流，收回你所說過的話。即你不能使彼此間的交流重新進行，選項F與其意思一致，故F為正確答案。