演講MP3+雙語文稿:嘻哈音樂如何幫助我們理解科學(xué)

00:00

00:00

MP3下載

https://online2.tingclass.net/lesson/shi0529/10000/10387/tedyp117.mp3

https://image.tingclass.net/statics/js/2012

聽力課堂TED音頻欄目主要包括TED演講的音頻MP3及中英雙語文稿，供各位英語愛好者學(xué)習(xí)使用。本文主要內(nèi)容為演講MP3+雙語文稿:嘻哈音樂如何幫助我們理解科學(xué)，希望你會喜歡！

【演講者及介紹】Danielle N Lee

行為生物學(xué)家丹妮爾·李通過嘻哈音樂與廣大觀眾分享科學(xué)知識，研究了令人討厭的嚙齒動物的生態(tài)學(xué)和自然史。

【演講主題】嘻哈音樂如何幫助我們理解科學(xué)

【中英文字幕】

翻譯者x my 校對者 Jin Ge

00：13

How y'all doing? Good. I came here to giveyou a science lesson about animal mating systems and why defining monogamy hasbeen a challenge for scientists. But you won't need a textbook or to downloadan online lecture. All you'll simply need to do is revisit the song"OPP" by Naughty by Nature.

大家好嗎？非常好。今天我想給大家上一堂科學(xué)課，關(guān)于動物交配體系，以及為什么對科學(xué)家來說定義一夫一妻制很難。這堂課你們不需要什么課本，也不需要下載講座視頻。你們只需要重溫一首歌，歌名是《OPP》，創(chuàng)作者是“天生頑家”。

00：35

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

00：36

It was released in 1991. Now,"OPP" is a call-and-response song. So throughout the talk, I'm goingto put lyrics up on the screen, and I'm going to recite some and I'm going toprompt you when it's your turn to do the response, OK?

這首歌發(fā)行于1991年。《OPP》是一首對唱形式的歌。所以在我今天的講話中，會將歌詞放在屏幕上，我會讀一些，然后帶動大家，到你們的時候給我一些回應(yīng)，好嗎？

00：52

(Cheers)

（歡呼）

00：53

Now, I know some people in this audienceknow this song, so I need you to lead the way with the tempo and the rhythm, ifthat's alright, OK? Right, y'all ready?

好的，我知道在座的有些朋友聽過這首歌，所以我需要聽過這首歌的朋友帶動節(jié)拍，可以的話，就這樣做，好嗎？好的，準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？

01：02

You down with OPP?

丹妮爾：你對OPP無法自拔嗎？

01：04

Audience: Yeah, you know me!

觀眾：是啊，你懂的！

01：05

DNL: You down with OPP?

丹妮爾：你對OPP無法自拔嗎？

01：07

Audience: Yeah, you know me!

觀眾：是啊，你懂的！

01：08

DNL: You down with OPP?

丹妮爾：你對OPP無法自拔嗎？

01：09

Audience: Yeah, you know me!

觀眾：是啊，你懂的！

01：11

DNL: That was perfect. Thank you.

丹妮爾：完美。感謝大家。

01：14

"OPP, how can I explain it?

（歌詞）“我該怎么解釋OPP呢？

01：16

I'll take it frame by frame it.

請讓我逐字逐詞說明。

01：18

To have y'all jumping shout and singing it

直到大家全都一起唱跳。

01：19

O is for other, P is for people. scratchyour temple.

O代表‘其它’，P代表‘人們’，大家思考一下。

01：22

The last P, well, that's not thatsimple."

最后一個P嘛，可沒那么單純。”

01：25

Now, in the song, the MC hints that it's afive-letter word, but to keep it rated PG, he simply refers to it as"property."

在這首歌里，饒舌歌手暗示這是一個五個字母的單詞，但由于涉及成人內(nèi)容，作者簡單地把它稱為資產(chǎn)（property）。

01：33

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

01：35

The song is about cheating on yoursignificant other. Now, around the time that this song was in heavy rotation,biologists were in deep discussion about whether bird species, notablysongbirds and waterfowl were actually monogamous or not. See, for decades,generations of science students were taught that well over 90 percent of thebird species were monogamous. A male and female mating faithfully for life.

這首歌是關(guān)于出軌的。在這首歌特別流行的時候，生物學(xué)家們深刻討論了鳥類，特別是夜鶯和水禽類是否真的是一夫一妻制。幾十年來，一代又一代的科學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)生們學(xué)到的觀念是：超過90%種類的鳥是一夫一妻制。一雌一雄彼此一生忠貞不渝。

02：05

That was until the late 1980s, when a newlaboratory technique came on the scene, which could copy DNA from a smalltissue or fluid sample and decode the genetics of individuals. Now, before thattechnique, we were never ever certain about, 100 percent, who the parents ofbaby birds were. All we had were our field notes. And we would know whichadults lived in a nest and which ones fed the baby birds. Well, come to findout, study after study kept coming in and we found so much evidence ofinfidelity --

直到二十世紀(jì)八十年代末，一項新的實驗技術(shù)問世了。這項技術(shù)能夠從少量組織或液體樣本中復(fù)DNA，然后解碼個體的基因。在這項技術(shù)出現(xiàn)之前，我們從來都不百分百確定，鳥寶寶的父母到底是誰。我們那時所有的證據(jù)只有現(xiàn)場考察的筆記。根據(jù)這些筆記，我們知道了哪些成年鳥住在鳥巢中，哪些喂養(yǎng)鳥寶寶。后來越來越多的研究表明，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量出軌的證據(jù)——

02：41

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

02：42

among bird species, particularly thesesongbirds that we thought were the pinnacle of monogamy. It would have madeMaury Povich jealous for the ratings.

存在于鳥類之間，尤其是鳴禽之間，而我們以為鳴禽是最踐行一夫一妻制的種類了。（如果公開結(jié)果）這是讓莫里·波維奇（美國脫口秀名人）都嫉妒的收視率。

02：51

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

02：54

It rocked biology and ornithology so hard,we had to modify and expand the entire definition of monogamy. Now, it was sobad that this was the headline of the "New York Times" sciencesection, August, 1990. "Mating for Life? It's not for the Birds or theBees."

這一事實深刻地震撼了生物學(xué)和鳥類學(xué)界，我們不得不修正和擴大一夫一妻制的整個定義。這件事情的影響如此廣泛，使它成為了《紐約時報》 1990年8月刊科學(xué)板塊的頭條?！敖K身廝守？鳥類和蜜蜂才不適用。”

03：14

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

03:16

We had to come up with new definitions. Thesituation where an individual would change partners, either between breedingseasons or just simply because they didn't like their partner anymore? We nowcall this "serial monogamy."

我們需要想出一個新的定義。鳥類換掉他們的伴侶，要么是發(fā)生在交配的季節(jié)，要么僅僅只因為他們不再喜歡各自的伴侶。我們現(xiàn)在把它稱作“系列一夫一妻制”。

03:31

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

03:35

I didn't know it was going to be thisfunny.

我不知道這個發(fā)現(xiàn)這么有趣。

03:37

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

03:40

The situation where we know the male andfemale pair together and all the babies belong to both partners? We call that"genetic monogamy." And we now recognize that it only holds true forabout 14 percent of the songbird species, which we were very certain were trulymonogamous.

我們知道雌雄配對在一起，那么所有的鳥寶寶都屬于這對父母，我們把它稱作“遺傳性一夫一妻制”。然而我們現(xiàn)在認(rèn)識到這個數(shù)據(jù)，在鳴禽種類中只有14%是正確的，而我們曾經(jīng)確信這些鳥類是嚴(yán)格的一夫一妻制。

03:59

And with this reclassification, we realizedthat in a lot of those field observations where we saw a male and femalesharing a nest, comaintaining a territory, even provisioning offspringtogether, often included a few baby birds that did not belong to the malepartner. We call this "social monogamy."

隨著這次修正，我們意識到在野外觀察的大多數(shù)事例中，我們看到的雌雄鳥同居，共同捍衛(wèi)自己的領(lǐng)土，甚至是共同養(yǎng)育后代，這些幼鳥中通常有幾個不是雄鳥的后代。我們把這種情況稱為“社會性一夫一妻制”。

04:20

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

04:22

And the mechanism responsible? Extra-paircopulation. "It's OPP, time for other people's what you get it there's noroom for relationship, there's just room to ..."

其演化機制呢？額外配對。（歌詞）“OPP就是你眼前的人已經(jīng)屬于其他人，（歌詞）沒有機會發(fā)展戀愛關(guān)系，只有機會發(fā)展…”

04:35

Audience: "Hit it!"

觀眾：性關(guān)系！

04:36

"How many brothers out there know justwhat I'm getting at?

（歌詞）“有多少仁兄知道我在說什么？

04:39

Who thinks it's wrong because I wassplitting and cohitting that.

（歌詞）有誰覺得我劈腿是不對的？

04:42

Well if you do, that's OPP"

（歌詞）如果你這樣做，這就叫OPP?！?/p>

04：46

Actually, that's EPC Which is theabbreviation for extra-pair copulation.

事實上，這是EPC，額外配對（extra-pair copulation）的縮寫。

04：52

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

04：54

Now, we define extra-pair copulation as themating outside of a pair bond. And just like we were discovering via science,it can lead to babies that don't belong to the male partner. Alright?

我們將額外配對定義為：同原配之外的交配行為。同科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果一樣，額外配對會導(dǎo)致鳥寶寶屬于不同的雄性伴侶。對吧？

05：07

Now, I first learned about EPCs yearslater, after all the science news broke while I was in graduate school. And aswe were taking a class, talking about current discoveries and mating systems,this topic comes up. And as my professor's going through the definition andrecounting all the dramatic turns of events that lead to these new revelations,I'm sitting in class and a familiar song starts bopping in my head. I'm like, "Youdown with OPP? Yeah, you know me!"

我多年后才了解到額外配對，是在許多科學(xué)研究出現(xiàn)之后，那時候我還是研究生。我和我的同學(xué)們在上課，剛好討論到當(dāng)時有關(guān)交配機制的一些發(fā)現(xiàn)。這個話題就出現(xiàn)了。當(dāng)我的老師正講述這些定義，以及分析所有這些戲劇性的事例導(dǎo)致了這些新發(fā)現(xiàn)時，我坐在教室里，一首熟悉的歌在我腦海中響起。我開始默唱：“你對OPP無法自拔嗎？是啊~你懂的！”

05：36

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

05：37

I mean, that's exactly what that song wasabout: EPCs. And what I recognized is that this gives us an opportunity torevisit this song. Let's switch the lyrics up. So say EPC.

我想說，這首歌非常準(zhǔn)確地描述了額外配對。而且我開始明白，這給了我們一個機會來重新探討這首歌。我們來換一下歌詞。說EPC！

05：53

Audience: EPC.

觀眾：EPC！

05：54

DNL: Say it, EPC!

丹妮爾：說EPC！

05：56

Audience: EPC!

觀眾：EPC！

05：57

"I like to say it with pride

（歌詞）“我喜歡自豪地說出來。

05：58

now, when you do it, do it well, and makesure that it counts. You're not down with a discount."

（歌詞）如果你要偷情，就盡情地去吧，好好享受（歌詞）這其中的激情全沒半點折扣?！?/p>

06：02

You down with EPC?

你對EPC無法自拔嗎？觀眾：是啊，你懂的！

06：25

Audience: Yeah, you know me!

你對EPC無法自拔嗎？觀眾：是啊，你懂的！

06：08

Now, I had always been playing songs in myhead while I was in science class, kind of tapping into this index of popculture and hip-hop songs. But when I would share my analogies with my scienceprofessors, all of whom were older white men, I often got blank and confusedstares as responses.

我上科學(xué)課的時候，腦海里總是在唱歌。好像流行文化和嘻哈歌曲的引導(dǎo)更有利于我學(xué)習(xí)，但是每當(dāng)我向我的科學(xué)老師分享我的比喻時，我的老師都是較為年長的白人，我得到的回應(yīng)通常是困惑和不解的眼神。

06：27

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

06：29

But when I would share this with peoplefrom communities like mine, or other colleagues -- so, diverse communities --this hip-hop science remix was a hit. That's because I was either talking topeople who looked and sounded like me, or at the very least, you know, listenedto some of the same songs. We were sharing a common cultural lexicon. And withthat lexicon, I was able to bring new science terms to them, and together, wewere sharing a new comprehension of science for the culture.

但是當(dāng)我將這些與我背景相同的人們，或背景不同的同事們分享時，這種嘻哈與科學(xué)的混搭真的很受歡迎。這是因為我交談的人們要么與我長相特征或口音相似，或者至少，我們聽的是同一種類的歌曲。我們擁有相同的文化詞匯。正是擁有這些詞匯，我才能向他們解釋新的科學(xué)術(shù)語，算起來，我們也是在分享一種對文化的新的科學(xué)理解。

07：01

Now, hip-hop song references are a reallygood tool for teaching content to students from hip-hop culture or urbancommunities. And I use it intentionally to connect to those students, tappinginto vocabulary that they already know and systems that they alreadycomprehend. And what it does in that process is it ratifies them, us, ourculture as knowledge purveyors. I use hip-hop to frame and communicate sciencebecause I'm intentionally communicating science to broader audiences thatpublic science outreach has traditionally overlooked. And in the process, I amaffirming the genius that thrives in the young minds of people from every hoodeverywhere. So let me ask you one last time, you down with EPC?

對于教導(dǎo)嘻哈文化背景下，或城市社區(qū)背景下的學(xué)生，嘻哈的確是個絕佳的工具。我也特地用這種方法來加強和學(xué)生的交流。利用他們已知的詞匯，和他們已經(jīng)理解的機制。這種方法在教學(xué)過程中的作用是，作為知識提供者，它改變了學(xué)生們，我們以及我們的文化。我用嘻哈來建構(gòu)和傳播科學(xué)，因為我旨在將科學(xué)傳播給更廣泛的群體。在科學(xué)傳播中這類群體往往是被忽略的一部分人。在這個過程中，我也十分確信天才會是在街頭閑逛的某個兜帽青年。所以讓我最后再問你們一次，你對EPC無法自拔嗎？

07：59

Audience: Yeah, you know me!

觀眾：是啊，你懂的！

08：00

DNL: You down with EPC?

丹妮爾：你對EPC無法自拔嗎？

08：02

Audience: Yeah, you know me!

觀眾：是啊，你懂的！

08：03

DNL: You down with EPC?

丹妮爾：你對EPC無法自拔嗎？

08：04

Audience: Yeah, you know me!

觀眾：是啊，你懂的！

08：05

DNL: Who's down with EPC?

丹妮爾：誰對EPC無法自拔？

08：07

Audience: All the homies!

觀眾：所有兄弟！

08：09

Thank you.

謝謝大家。

08：10

(Applause and cheers)

（掌聲與歡呼聲）