演講MP3+雙語文稿:你可能在不經(jīng)意間投資了煙草公司
聽力課堂TED音頻欄目主要包括TED演講的音頻MP3及中英雙語文稿，供各位英語愛好者學習使用。本文主要內(nèi)容為演講MP3+雙語文稿:你可能在不經(jīng)意間投資了煙草公司，希望你會喜歡！
【演講人及介紹】Bronwyn King
腫瘤學家，無煙倡導者
布隆溫·金博士（Bronwyn King）承擔著挽救十億人生命的使命。煙草是可預防的過早死亡的最大原因。
【演講主題】你可能在不經(jīng)意間投資了煙草公司
【演講文稿-中英文】
翻譯者 psjmz mz 校對 Yolanda Zhang
00:13
In 2001, I was a brand new, shiny doctor,planning to save the world. My first job was working for three months on a lungcancer unit. Nearly all of my patients were smokers or ex-smokers, and most ofthem had started smoking when they were children or in their early teens. Anddespite living in a beautiful, wealthy country, with access to the mostsophisticated medicines, nearly every single one of my patients died. Everyoneknows tobacco is bad, but when you see the impact firsthand, day-by-day, itleaves a very deep impression.
2001年，我還是個初出茅廬，躊躇滿志的醫(yī)生，盤算著拯救世界。我的第一份工作，是在肺癌部門工作了三個月。幾乎所有我的病人都是吸煙者，或有吸煙歷史者，大多數(shù)人在他們還是孩子時就開始吸煙了。盡管生活在美麗，富裕的國度，可以獲取到最先進的醫(yī)藥，但他們當中幾乎沒有人逃脫了死亡的命運。每個人都知道吸煙有害，但是你每天親眼看到這種影響時，還是會印象深刻的。
00:52
Ten years later, I'm a radiationoncologist, fully aware of the suffering caused by tobacco. I'm sitting at thehospital cafeteria, having my first ever meeting with a representative from mysuperannuation fund. It was thrilling, I'm sure you can imagine.
十年前，我是放射腫瘤學家，非常清楚吸煙造成的痛苦。我坐在醫(yī)院的餐廳，第一次與我的養(yǎng)老基金代表會面。實在令人激動，我相信你能想象。
01:09
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
01:10
He tells me I'm in the default option. AndI said, "Option? Does that mean there are other options?"
他告訴我，我選擇了默認選項。我說：“選項？還有其它選擇？”
01:16
He looked at me, rolled his eyes, and said,"Well, there is this one greenie option for people who have a problem withinvesting in mining, alcohol or tobacco."
他看了看我，翻了下白眼說，“好吧，這是一個粗略的選項，（尤其）對那些對投資礦山，白酒或煙草行業(yè)有意見的人來說。”
01:29
I said, "Did you just saytobacco?"
我說：“你剛剛是說煙草？”
01:31
He said, "Yes."
他答道：“沒錯?！?
01:32
I said, "So, are you telling me I'mcurrently investing in tobacco?"
我說：“你是說，我現(xiàn)在在投資煙草行業(yè)？”
01:36
And he said, "Oh, yes, everyoneis."
他答復道：“沒錯，每個人都這樣?！?
01:40
When you invest in a company, you own partof that company. You want that company to grow and succeed and thrive. You wantthat company to attract new customers, you want that company to sell more ofits products. And when it comes to tobacco, I couldn't think of anything that Iwanted less. Now, I know you can only see one person standing here on this bigred dot, on this enormous stage. But instead, I would like you to imagine thatyou're looking at seven million people crammed up here beside me today. Sevenmillion people across the world have died as a result of tobacco in the pastyear alone.
當你投資一家公司時，你就擁有了這個公司的一部分。你想要這個公司成長，成功并繁榮。你想讓公司獲取新客戶。你想讓公司賣出盡可能多的產(chǎn)品。說到煙草行業(yè)，我想不出有任何我想要的東西?，F(xiàn)在，我知道你們只能看到一個人站在這里，在這個紅色的，巨大的舞臺上。然而，我想讓你們想象一下，你今天看到的是700萬人緊緊挨在我身旁。僅在過去一年，全球就有700萬人因為煙草而失去了生命。
02:27
Just imagine, if a brand new industry werelaunched today, and by the end of next June, that industry's products hadkilled seven million people. Would any of us invest in that new, deadlyindustry? Tobacco is one of the most pressing global issues of our time, andmost of us are far more complicit in the problem than we may realize.
只需想一想，假如一個新行業(yè)今天成立，到下年6月底時，這個行業(yè)的產(chǎn)品就會殺死700萬人。我們有人會投資這個新的致命行業(yè)嗎？煙草是我們這個時代最緊迫的全球議題之一，我們大部分人涉及到這個問題中的程度遠超我們的想象。
02:53
So, the super fund representative explainedto me that tobacco companies would be found in the international shares portionof my portfolio. So I asked him, "Well, which international shares do Ihave?" He got back to me two weeks later with this list: my number oneholding in international shares was British American Tobacco. Number two,Imperial Tobacco. Number four, Philip Morris. And number five, the SwedishMatch company. Four of the top five companies were tobacco companies, myinvestments, an oncologist.
于是，超級基金代表向我解釋，煙草公司就存在于我投資的國際股票中。于是我問他：“我有哪些國際股票？”兩周后，他給我提供了一份名單：我在國際股票中的第一大持股來自英美煙草。第二個，帝國煙草。第四個：菲利普·莫里斯煙草公司。第五個：瑞典火柴公司。前5大公司中有4家是煙草公司，這是我的投資，一個腫瘤學家的投資。
03:29
And then I realized it wasn't just me. Itwas all members of my super fund. And then I realized it wasn't just my superfund, it was all of them. And then I realized, it wasn't just superannuationfunds, it was banks, insurers and fund managers. And then I realized it wasn'tjust Australia. It was the entire global finance sector, completely tangled upwith the tobacco industry. The industry that makes products that kill sevenmillion people every year. So I started discussing the issue with mysuperannuation fund, and I've been discussing it ever since.
隨后我意識到這樣做的不僅僅是我，還包括我的超級基金的所有成員。接著我意識到不僅只有我的超級基金，幾乎所有養(yǎng)老基金都是。再接著我意識到，不僅養(yǎng)老基金，銀行，保險公司和基金管理者都有。然后我意識到不僅限于澳大利亞。全球金融行業(yè)都是如此，與煙草業(yè)完全糾纏在一起。這個行業(yè)的產(chǎn)品每年導致700萬人死亡。于是我開始與我的養(yǎng)老基金團隊討論這個問題，從那以后我就一直在討論這個問題。
04:03
Finance leaders have many challengingissues to deal with, these days. So I suggest they adopt a framework thatclearly articulates why it is reasonable to take a strong position on tobacco.I suggest finance leaders ask a suite of three questions of any company inwhich they might invest our money.
今天，金融領(lǐng)導者們有許多棘手問題需要處理。所以我建議他們采用一個框架來清楚說明為什么投資如此多的煙草公司是合理的。我建議這些領(lǐng)導者們用我的錢投資公司時，先問三個問題。
04:24
Question one: Can the product made by thecompany be used safely? "No" is the answer for tobacco companies.Zero is the only safe number of cigarettes for a human being. It could not bemore black and white.
問題1：公司生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品是否可安全使用？“不能”，顯然是煙草公司的答案。對人類而言，無煙草是唯一安全的。再沒有比這個答案更黑白分明的了。
04:40
Question two: Is the problem caused by thecompany so significant on a global level that it is subject to a UN treaty orconvention? "Yes" is the answer for tobacco. Indeed there is a UNtobacco treaty that has been ratified by 180 countries. The treaty was createdbecause of the catastrophic global impact of tobacco. The current forecast isthat the world is on track for one billion tobacco-related deaths this century.One billion deaths. There's only seven billion of us.
問題2：公司引發(fā)的問題在全球是否顯著到需要受聯(lián)合國條約或公約的約束？對煙草行業(yè)，答案是“是的”。確實有一個聯(lián)合國煙草條約，并得到了180個國家的批準。條約之所以確立是因為煙草帶來了災(zāi)難性的全球影響。目前的預測是，在本世紀內(nèi)，全球?qū)⒂?0億人死于與煙草有關(guān)的因素。10億人死亡。地球上一共才70億人。
05:20
Question three relates to the concept ofengagement. Many financial organizations genuinely want to be good corporatecitizens. They want to use their shareholder power to sit down with companies,engage with them, and encourage them to do better things. So the question is:Can engagement with the company be an effective lever for change?"No" is the answer for tobacco companies. Engagement with the tobaccoindustry is futile. The only acceptable outcome would be if tobacco companiesceased their primary business. In fact, engagement with the tobacco industryhas never led to less human death.
第三個問題，涉及到參與的概念。許多金融機構(gòu)真誠希望成為優(yōu)秀企業(yè)公民。他們想要使用他們的股東權(quán)力與公司一道，通過參與，鼓勵公司做更好的事情。所以問題在于：與公司的接觸是否是改變的有效手段？對煙草公司來說，答案是否定的。與煙草業(yè)的接觸是徒勞的。唯一可以接受的結(jié)果是煙草公司停止他們的主營業(yè)務(wù)。事實上，與煙草行業(yè)的接觸從來沒有降低死亡數(shù)字。
06:02
When we consider that framework, threesimple questions, we can see that is reasonable and defensible to take a strongposition and exclude investment in the tobacco industry.
如果我們考慮這個框架，三個簡單的問題，我們可以看到，排除對煙草業(yè)的投資是合理的，站得住腳的。
06:15
In addition to the UN tobacco treaty, thereis, in fact, another global treaty that demands that we act on tobacco. In2015, the UN adopted the Sustainable Development Goals. Now, we're talkingabout tobacco, and I know you're going to jump straight to number three: goodhealth and well-being. And indeed, ramping up tobacco control regulation isessential if we're going to achieve that goal. However, look a bit more deeply,and you will find that 13 of the 17 goals cannot be achieved unless there is amajor shake-up of the tobacco industry. Personally, my favorite goal is number17: partnerships for the goals. At present, we have the entire global healthsector doing everything it can to help the tidal wave of patients suffering asa result of tobacco. But that said, in the past year alone, seven millionpeople have died, so clearly, that is not enough. We also have governmentsaligned on tobacco, 180 of them, busily trying to implement the provisions ofthe UN tobacco treaty. But that, too, is not enough. If the global financesector continues to lend money to tobacco companies, to invest in tobaccocompanies, and to strive to profit from tobacco companies, we are workingagainst each other.
事實上，除了聯(lián)合國煙草公約，還有另一項全球條約要求我們對煙草采取行動。2015年，聯(lián)合國通過了《可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標》?，F(xiàn)在，談到煙草業(yè)，我知道你們都會直奔第三個目標：健康和幸福。確實，加強煙草控制對于實現(xiàn)這個目標很關(guān)鍵。然而，更深入一些，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)第13和第17個目標也無法實現(xiàn)，除非煙草行業(yè)發(fā)生了重大的變革。我個人更青睞第17個目標：促進目標實現(xiàn)的伙伴關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)今，全球衛(wèi)生部門正在盡其所能，幫助受煙草影響的患者。話雖如此，在過去一年，700萬的人還是因此失去了生命。所以很明顯，這還不夠。各國政府也對煙草業(yè)采取了共同行動，有180個國家參與其中，忙著執(zhí)行聯(lián)合國煙草條約的規(guī)定。但那也遠遠不夠。如果全球金融部門繼續(xù)借錢給煙草公司，投資煙草公司，從煙草公司中賺取利潤，我們實際上就是在相互對抗。
07:36
Now, if we are going to disrupt whatdoctors call "the global tobacco epidemic," we need every sector ofsociety to stand side by side and be part of the solution. So I call on financeleaders to implement a framework to deal with sensitive issues. And I call onthem to uphold global conventions. But in addition, there are business risks. Purefinancial risks, associated with being invested in the tobacco industry overthe long term, and I ask finance leaders to consider them. The first risk isthat fewer and fewer people will smoke, as a result of increasing tobaccoregulation.
現(xiàn)在，如果我們要打敗醫(yī)生所說的“全球煙草流行病”，我們就需要社會的每個部門通力合作，成為解決問題的一部分。所以，我呼吁金融領(lǐng)導者們執(zhí)行一個框架來處理這些敏感事項。我同時呼吁他們支持全球公約。但除此之外，還存在商業(yè)風險。純粹的財務(wù)風險，與長期投資煙草行業(yè)有關(guān)，我呼吁金融領(lǐng)導者們也要考慮這些。首要風險是，隨著煙草管制的增強，吸煙的人會越來越少。
08:19
When these warnings were put on cigarettepackets in Canada,
當這些警告被印在加拿大香煙包裝上時，
08:23
[Tobacco can make you impotent]
【吸煙會導致陽痿】
08:25
the first response of smokers was to givethem right back to the salespeople and say, "Could you please just give methe ones that say they'll kill me?"
吸煙者的第一反應(yīng)是把煙還給銷售人員，并說：“你能不能給我寫著吸煙致命的香煙?！?
08:32
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
08:34
Regulation gets noticed, regulation reducesconsumption, and we have 180 countries committed to more regulation. Let's talkabout litigation and the risk that presents. At present, it's the businessmodel of the tobacco industry that is being challenged.
管制引起關(guān)注，管制減少消費，我們有180個國家同意增強管制。讓我們來談?wù)勗V訟及其帶來的風險。當今，煙草行業(yè)的商業(yè)模式備受挑戰(zhàn)。
08:53
Currently, the tobacco industryexternalizes all of the health costs associated with tobacco. Governments pay,communities pay, you pay, I pay. The tobacco industry externalizes all thosecosts, with an estimated one trillion US dollars per year. Yet they internalizeand privatize the profits. In 2015, in Quebec province, the courts determinedthat the tobacco industry was indeed responsible for those health costs, andordered them to pay 15 billion US dollars. That case is under appeal. But itbegs the question, why should any of us, in any country, be paying for thecosts of the tobacco industry?
目前，煙草行業(yè)將所有跟煙草相關(guān)的健康費用都外部化了。政府買單，社區(qū)買單，你買單，我買單。煙草行業(yè)把這些鍋甩得干干凈凈，據(jù)估計每年高達1萬億美元。然而，他們卻將利潤內(nèi)化，私有化。2015年，魁北克省，法院認定煙草業(yè)確實要為這些健康成本買單，命令他們支付150億美元。此案仍在上訴中。但它引出了這個問題，為什么我們所有人，所有國家，需要為煙草業(yè)的代價買單。
09:40
Let's move on to supply chain and the riskthere. It is not well known that the tobacco industry significantly relies onchild labor. In March 2017, the International Labour Organization issued areport which stated: "In tobacco-growing communities, child labor isrampant." The US Department of Labor currently lists 16 countries that usechildren to produce tobacco leaf. Scrutiny of supply chains is intensifying,and that cannot continue to escape public attention.
讓我們?nèi)タ纯垂?yīng)鏈和其中的風險。不為人所知的是，煙草業(yè)顯著依賴童工。2017年3月，國際勞工組織發(fā)布了一份報告稱：“在煙草種植的社區(qū)，童工現(xiàn)象十分猖獗。美國勞工部門現(xiàn)已列出了16個使用童工生產(chǎn)煙葉的國家。對供應(yīng)鏈的審查力度正在增加，無法繼續(xù)逃脫公眾的視野。
10:20
Finally, there is also reputation risk toconsider for individuals and organizations that continue to maintain anaffiliation with the tobacco industry. In countless surveys, the tobaccoindustry ranks as the world's least reputable industry.
最后，繼續(xù)與煙草業(yè)保持關(guān)聯(lián)的個人和組織，還需要考慮聲譽風險。在無數(shù)的調(diào)查中，煙草業(yè)都是世界上最臭名昭著的行業(yè)。
10:36
Let's just look at the impact on children.Globally, every single day, it is estimated that 100,000 children startsmoking. That's enough children to fit inside the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Andmost of those children are from the poorest communities on earth. Here inAustralia, the average age that people start smoking is 16 years and twomonths. They look pretty young to me, but the worst thing here is that while wedon't have data from every country on earth, we believe that is the oldest age.Everywhere else is younger.
我們來看看對兒童的影響。全球范圍內(nèi)，每一天中，據(jù)估計有10萬名兒童開始吸煙。這個人數(shù)足夠站滿墨爾本的板球場了。這些兒童中的都來自地球上最貧窮的社區(qū)。在澳大利亞，人們開始吸煙的平均年齡是16歲2個月。他們看起來都非常年輕，但更糟的是我們并沒有全球每一個國家的數(shù)據(jù)，而我們相信，這已經(jīng)算是最大年齡了。其他地方的數(shù)字都要更年輕。
11:16
Now for the good news. Things are changing.The finance sector is coming to the party. After around 2,000 meetings withfinance leaders, primarily in the cafés of Melbourne and Sydney and London andParis and New York and all across the globe, momentum, moving away from investmentin the tobacco industry, is starting to snowball. Finance leaders are alarmedwhen they're presented with the facts, and overwhelmingly, they want to be partof the solution.
現(xiàn)在說點好消息。事情正在發(fā)生變化。金融部門正在參與其中。在與金融人士的2000多次會談后，主要是在墨爾本和悉尼的咖啡廳里，以及倫敦，巴黎，紐約和全球各地，不投資煙草業(yè)的勢頭已經(jīng)開始像滾雪一樣蔓延開來。當他們看到事實后，金融領(lǐng)袖警醒了，大多數(shù)人都希望參與到解決問題中來。
11:45
Here, in Australia, we now have 10,636,101superannuation accounts that are tobacco-free. That one is mine, by the way.
這里，在澳大利亞，我們現(xiàn)在有10,636,101個養(yǎng)老賬戶不含任何煙草投資。順便說一下，最后那個1是我的。
11:58
(Applause)
（鼓掌）
12:05
There is still a lot of work to be done,but I've watched the conversation go from "Should we gotobacco-free?" to "Why haven't we done it yet?" In the past yearalone, major tobacco-free moves have been made by leading financial organizationsin eight different countries. In Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands,Sweden, Denmark, France, Ireland and the USA. By sovereign wealth funds, fundmanagers, pension funds, banks, insurers and reinsurers. Since tobacco-freeportfolios began, more than six billion dollars has been redirected away frominvestment in the tobacco industry. The case study is well and truly proven.
仍然有很多工作要做，但我已經(jīng)看到談話的內(nèi)容開始從“我們不應(yīng)該投資煙草業(yè)嗎？”發(fā)展到“為什么還沒開始做呢？”單單在過去一年，已經(jīng)有8個國家的主要金融組織落實了無煙草運動。它們是澳大利亞、新西蘭、荷蘭、瑞典，丹麥、法國、愛爾蘭和美國。包括主權(quán)財富基金，基金經(jīng)理，養(yǎng)老基金，銀行，保險公司和再保險公司。隨著無煙組合開始以來，超過60億美元的資金已經(jīng)從投資煙草業(yè)抽離出來。這個案例研究已經(jīng)很好地得到了證明。
12:45
When making the tobacco-free announcementin March this year, the CEO of AMP Capital said, "We are not prepared todeliver investment returns at any cost to society." And that is thequestion we need to ask ourselves. Is there no baseline standard below which wewill not sink to make profit?
在今年3月份宣告無煙組合聲明時，AMP資本的CEO說，“我們不打算在任何對社會造成損害的行業(yè)中獲取投資回報”。這個問題我們也需要問問自己。我們賺取利潤，有沒有一個不能觸及的底線？
13:08
Along the way, I've had a lot of help andincredible support. Now, if you're trying to do something, I highly recommendthat you have a princess on your team. Her Royal Highness, Princess Dina Mired,is the global ambassador for this work. We also have a lord, a knight, a formerpremier, a former federal minister and a stack of CEOs.
在這個過程中，我得到了很多幫助，和難以置信的支持。如果你想嘗試做點事情，我隆重推薦，你的團隊中要有位公主。公主殿下，迪娜公主，是這個工作的全球大使。我們也有一位領(lǐng)主，一位騎士，一位前總理，一位前聯(lián)邦部長和多位首席執(zhí)行官。
13:28
But the capacity to change things does notrest exclusively with these highly influential people. The power to do that iswith all of us. Everyone here can be part of the solution. In fact, everyonehere must be part of the solution. Most people in this room own companies viatheir superannuation funds, their banks and their insurers. And it is time forus to ask them: Are they investing our money in companies that make productsthat kill seven million people every year? It's your money. It's my money, it'sour money. And that is a very reasonable question.
但是，改變事情的能量并不僅限于這些具有高度影響力的人。我們所有人都有能力做到這點。這里的每個人都可以成為解決問題的一部分。事實上，這里每個人都必須成為解決問題的一部分。這房間里的多數(shù)人都通過養(yǎng)老金、銀行和保險機構(gòu)投資了一些公司。是時候該問問這些機構(gòu)：他們有沒有把我們的錢投資到生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品每年會殺死700萬人的公司去。這是你的錢。這是我的錢，這是我們的錢。這是一個非常合理的問題。
14:11
Pretty cramped up here, with seven millionpeople beside me today. But if we don't act now, and act together, we'll needto make way for one billion people before the end of this century. And this isa very big stage. But there is no more room.
這里非常擁擠，今天有700萬人站在我旁邊。如果我們不現(xiàn)在行動，共同行動，到本世紀末，我們就會讓10億人白白送死。這是個巨大的舞臺，但是已經(jīng)沒有更多的空間了。
14:30
Thank you.
謝謝。
14:32
(Applause)
（鼓掌）
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