演講MP3+雙語(yǔ)文稿:改造過(guò)的超級(jí)植物如何延緩氣候變化

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【演講人】Joanne Chory

【演講主題】改造過(guò)的超級(jí)植物如何延緩氣候變化

【中英文字幕】獲取完整版字幕

翻譯者Jin Ge 校對(duì)者 Chen

00:05

Irecently had an epiphany. I realized that I could actually play a role insolving one of the biggest problems that faces mankind today, and that is theproblem of climate change. It also dawned on me that I had been working for 30years or more just to get to this point in my life where I could actually makethis contribution to a bigger problem. And every experiment that I have done inmy lab over the last 30 years and people who work for me did in my lab over thelast 30 years has been directed toward doing the really big experiment, thisone last big experiment.

我最近有了頓悟。我發(fā)現(xiàn)，其實(shí)我 可以扮演一個(gè)角色， 協(xié)助解決人類現(xiàn)今 所面臨最大的一個(gè)難題， 那就是氣候變化的問(wèn)題。 我也開(kāi)始明白， 我已經(jīng)工作了三十年， 只是為了到達(dá) 人生中的這個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)，讓我能為更大的問(wèn)題貢獻(xiàn)心力。 過(guò)去三十年， 我在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中做的每個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)， 以及過(guò)去三十年， 在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中 手下人所做的實(shí)驗(yàn)， 都是為了這個(gè)非常大的實(shí)驗(yàn)， 最后一個(gè)大實(shí)驗(yàn)。

00:46

Sowho am I? I'm a plant geneticist. I live in a world where there's too much CO2in the atmosphere because of human activity. But I've come to appreciate theplants as amazing machines that they are, whose job has been, really, to justsuck up CO2. And they do it so well, because they've been doing it for over 500million years. And they're really good at it. And so ...

所以，我是誰(shuí)呢？我是一個(gè)植物遺傳學(xué)家。我們居住的這個(gè)世界， 大氣的二氧化碳濃度太高，而這是由于人類活動(dòng)造成的。而我漸漸開(kāi)始欣賞植物身為了不起的機(jī)器的那一面，它們的工作都只是 吸光二氧化碳。它們做得非常好， 因?yàn)樗鼈冏鲞@件事已經(jīng)做了超過(guò)五億年。它們非常擅長(zhǎng)做這件事。所以……

01:17

Ialso have some urgency I want to tell you about. As a mother, I want to give mytwo children a better world than I inherited from my parents, it would be nicerto keep it going in the right direction, not the bad direction.

我也有件急迫的事要跟各位談。身為母親，我想要給 我的兩個(gè)孩子更好的世界， 至少比我父母給我的要更好， 我比較希望看到的是世界 朝對(duì)的方向繼續(xù)前進(jìn)， 而不是壞的方向。

01:30

ButI also ... I've had Parkinson's for the last 15 years, and this gives me asense of urgency that I want to do this now, while I feel good enough to reallybe part of this team. And I have an incredible team. We all work together, andthis is something we want to do because we have fun. And if you're only goingto have five people trying to save the planet, you better like each other,because you're going to be spending a lot of time together.

但是我也……我有帕金森氏癥， 它跟了我十五年，這讓我更急著想要現(xiàn)在就做這件事，趁我的狀況還不錯(cuò)， 還能為團(tuán)隊(duì)盡力的時(shí)候。我的團(tuán)隊(duì)非常棒。我們都同心協(xié)力，我們想要做這件事 是因?yàn)槲覀冏龅煤荛_(kāi)心。而且，如果你們只有五個(gè)人 在試圖拯救地球，你們最好喜歡彼此，因?yàn)槟銈儠?huì)花很多時(shí)間相處在一起。

01:59

（Laughter）

02:00

OK,alright. But enough about me. Let's talk about CO2. CO2 is the star of my talk.Now, most of you probably think of CO2 as a pollutant. Or perhaps you think ofCO2 as the villain in the novel, you know? It's always the dark side of CO2.But as a plant biologist, I see the other side of CO2, actually. And that CO2that we see, we see it differently because I think we remember, as plantbiologists, something you may have forgotten. And that is that plants actuallydo this process called photosynthesis. And when they do photosynthesis -- allcarbon-based life on our earth is all because of the CO2 that plants and otherphotosynthetic microbes have dragged in from CO2 that was in the atmosphere.And almost all of the carbon in your body came from air, basically. So you comefrom air, and it's because of photosynthesis, because what plants do is theyuse the energy in sunlight, take that CO2 and fix it into sugars. It's a greatthing.

好，不要再談我了。咱們來(lái)談?wù)劧趸?。二氧化碳是我這場(chǎng)演說(shuō)的明星。在座大部分的人可能都認(rèn)為 二氧化碳是污染物。或者，也許你們認(rèn)為二氧化碳是小說(shuō)中的反派?？偸强吹蕉趸嫉暮诎得妗５?，身為植物生物學(xué)家，我看的其實(shí)是二氧化碳的另一面。我們所看到的二氧化碳，我們會(huì)對(duì)它另眼看待是因?yàn)?，身為植物生物學(xué)家，我們記得某件你們可能已經(jīng)遺忘的事。那就是，植物會(huì)進(jìn)行一個(gè)叫做光合作用的過(guò)程。當(dāng)它們進(jìn)行光合作用時(shí)——地球上所有的碳基生物，都來(lái)自于植物 和其他光合作用微生物把大氣中的二氧化碳吸收進(jìn)來(lái)?；旧?，你們體內(nèi) 所有的碳都來(lái)自空氣。所以你們來(lái)自空氣，因?yàn)楣夂献饔?，因?yàn)橹参锼龅木褪?使用太陽(yáng)的能量來(lái)吸取二氧化碳，放到糖類中。這是件好事。

03:08

Andthe other thing that is really important for what I'm going to tell you todayis that plants and other photosynthetic microbes have a great capacity fordoing this -- twentyfold or more than the amount of CO2 that we put up becauseof our human activities. And so, even though we're not doing a great job atcutting our emissions and things, plants have the capacity, as photosyntheticorganisms, to help out. So we're hoping that's what they'll do.

還有一件事，也對(duì)今天要談的主題很重要，那就是，植物和其他 光合作用微生物做這件事的能力很強(qiáng)——比我們?nèi)祟惢顒?dòng) 所產(chǎn)生出來(lái)的二氧化碳量還要高二十倍以上。所以，雖然我們?cè)跍p少排放方面沒(méi)有做得很好，但是，身為光合作用有機(jī)體，植物或許有能力協(xié)助我們。所以，我們希望它們能夠幫忙。

03:41

Butthere's a catch here. We have to help the plants a little ourselves, becausewhat plants like to do is put most of the CO2 into sugars. And when the end ofthe growing season comes, the plant dies and decomposes, and then all that workthey did to suck out the CO2 from the atmosphere and make carbon-based biomassis now basically going right back up in the atmosphere as CO2.

但是，沒(méi)這么容易的事。我們自己得要先稍微協(xié)助植物，因?yàn)?，植物?huì)做的是把 大部分的二氧化碳放到糖類中。在生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)要結(jié)束時(shí)，植物會(huì)死亡并分解，接著，它們之前做的所有工作：將二氧化碳從大氣中吸掉以及制造碳基生物質(zhì)，現(xiàn)在基本上都以二氧化碳的 形式回到大氣當(dāng)中。

04:07

Sohow can we get plants to redistribute the CO2 they bring in into somethingthat's a little more stable? And so it turns out that plants make this product,and it's called suberin. This is a natural product that is in all plant roots.And suberin is really cool, because as you can see there, I hope, everywhereyou see a black dot, that's a carbon. There's hundreds of them in thismolecule. And where you see those few red dots, those are oxygens. And oxygenis what microbes like to find so they can decompose a plant. So you can see whythis is a perfect carbon storage device. And actually it can stabilize thecarbon that gets fixed by the plant into something that's a little bit betterfor the plant.

所以，我們要如何讓植物重新分配它們所帶入的二氧化碳，制成稍微更穩(wěn)定一點(diǎn)的東西？結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，植物會(huì)制造一項(xiàng)產(chǎn)物，叫做軟木脂。它是一種天然產(chǎn)物， 在所有植物的根部都有。軟木脂非?？幔?yàn)楦魑豢梢栽谶@里 看到，我希望可以，凡是看到黑點(diǎn)的地方，就代表碳。在這個(gè)分子中有數(shù)百個(gè)黑點(diǎn)。還可以看到少數(shù)的紅點(diǎn)，它們是氧。微生物喜歡去找氧，這么一來(lái)它們就可以分解植物。所以各位可以看得出來(lái)這為什么是個(gè)完美的碳儲(chǔ)存裝置。事實(shí)上，它可以穩(wěn)定植物所提供的碳，成為對(duì)植物更好一點(diǎn)的東西。

04:56

Andso, why now? Why is now a good time to do a biological solution to thisproblem? It's because over the last 30 or so years -- and I know that's a longtime, you're saying, "Why now?" -- but 30 years ago, we began tounderstand the functions of all the genes that are in an organism in general.And that included humans as well as plants and many other complicatedeukaryotes. And so, what did the 1980s begin? What began then is that we nowknow the function of many of the genes that are in a plant that tell a plant togrow. And that has now converged with the fact that we can do genomics in afaster and cheaper way than we ever did before. And what that tells us is that alllife on earth is really related, but plants are more related to each other thanother organisms. And that you can take a trait that you know from one plant andput it in another plant, and you can make a prediction that it'll do the samething. And so that's important as well. Then finally, we have these littlegenetic tricks that came along, like you heard about this morning -- thingslike CRISPR, that allows us to do editing and make genes be a little differentfrom the normal state in the plant.

所以，為什么是現(xiàn)在？為什么現(xiàn)在是個(gè)好的時(shí)機(jī)點(diǎn)， 很適合用生物解決方案來(lái)處理這個(gè)問(wèn)題？因?yàn)?，在過(guò)去三十年左右——我知道那是很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間， 你們說(shuō)“為什么是現(xiàn)在？”——但是，三十年前，我們開(kāi)始了解一般有機(jī)體中所有基因的功能。那包括了人類以及植物，還有許多其他復(fù)雜的真核生物。所以，80年代是什么的開(kāi)端？那時(shí)，我們開(kāi)始了解在植物中有許多基因的功能 在告訴植物要如何生長(zhǎng)。那些知識(shí)現(xiàn)在被用在基因組學(xué)上，發(fā)明出比以前更快速、 更便宜的方法。我們從中學(xué)到的是，地球上的所有生命都是相關(guān)聯(lián)的，但是，植物和彼此的關(guān)系 比和其他有機(jī)體之間的關(guān)系更密切。你可以選一項(xiàng) 你所知道的植物特性，放到另一株植物上，你便可以預(yù)測(cè)， 它會(huì)做出同樣的事。這點(diǎn)也十分重要。最后，我們還有 這些小小的基因技倆，比如今天早上各位聽(tīng)到的那些——像是 CRISPR，可以用來(lái)編輯基因并制造出和植物中 正常狀態(tài)不太一樣的基因。

06:15

OK,so now we have biology on our side. I'm a biologist, so that's why I'mproposing a solution to the climate change problem that really involves thebest evolved organism on earth to do it -- plants. So how are we going to doit? Biology comes to the rescue. Here we go. OK.

好的，現(xiàn)在，生物學(xué)站在我們這一邊。我是生物學(xué)家，那就是為什么我針對(duì)氣候變化問(wèn)題提出的解決方案會(huì)需要依賴地球上演化得 最好的有機(jī)體——植物。所以，我們要怎么做？生物學(xué)來(lái)救援了。來(lái)吧。好的。

06:37

Youhave to remember three simple things from my talk, OK? We have to get plants tomake more suberin than they normally make, because we need them to be a littlebetter than what they are. We have to get them to make more roots, because ifwe make more roots, we can make more suberin -- now we have more of the cellsthat suberin likes to accumulate in. And then the third thing is, we want theplants to have deeper roots. And what that does is -- we're asking the plant, actually,"OK, make stable carbon, more than you used to, and then bury it for us inthe ground." So they can do that if they make roots that go deep ratherthan meander around on the surface of the soil.

請(qǐng)各位記住這場(chǎng)演說(shuō)的三個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單要點(diǎn)，好嗎？我們要讓植物制造出 比正常量更多的軟木脂，因?yàn)槲覀冃枰鼈儽痊F(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)再更好一些。我們要讓它們制造更多根，因?yàn)?，如果能制造多根，就能制造更多軟木脂——現(xiàn)在，我們有更多 能夠聚集軟木脂的細(xì)胞，第三點(diǎn)，我們希望植物的根更深。那樣的用途是——我們其實(shí)是在請(qǐng)求植物： “好，制造穩(wěn)定的碳，比平常的還要多，接著，為我們 將這些碳埋在地下。 ”所以，如果它們的根很深，而不是在接近土壤表面處迂回， 它們就能做到這件事。

07:20

Thoseare the three traits we want to change: more suberin, more roots, and the lastone, deep roots. Then we want to combine all those traits in one plant, and wecan do that easily and we will do it, and we are doing it actually, in themodel plant, Arabidopsis, which allows us to do these experiments much faster thanwe can do in another big plant. And when we find that we have plants wheretraits all add up and we can get more of them, more suberin in those plants,we're going to move it all -- we can and we we will, we're beginning to do this-- move it to crop plants. And I'll tell you why we're picking crop plants todo the work for us when I get to that part of my talk.

這三項(xiàng)特性是我們想要改變的：更多軟木脂、更多根， 以及，最后一項(xiàng)，更深的根。接著，我們想把這三項(xiàng)特性結(jié)合到同一株植物中，這很容易，我們將會(huì)這么做，其實(shí)，我們正在這么做，用的是模型植物，阿拉伯芥，這種植物讓我們 做實(shí)驗(yàn)的速度能更快，比使用其他大型植物更快。當(dāng)我們的植物有了 所有這些特性之后，我們就能從那些植物取得更多軟木脂，我們打算全部移植——我們能且我們會(huì)這么做，我們已經(jīng)開(kāi)始著手——移植到作物植物上。我等下會(huì)告訴各位為什么要選作物植物來(lái)為我們做這項(xiàng)工作。

08:04

OK,so I think this is the science behind the whole thing. And so I know we can dothe science, I feel pretty confident about that. And the reason is because,just in the last year, we've been able to find single genes that affect each ofthose three traits. And in several of those cases, two out of the three, wehave more than one way to get there. So that tells us we might be able to evencombine within a trait and get even more suberin. This shows one result, wherewe have a plant here on the right that's making more than double the amount ofroot than the plant on the left, and that's just because of the way weexpressed one gene that's normally in the plant in a slightly different waythan the plant usually does on its own. Alright, so that's just one example Iwanted to show you.

好，這就是這種做法背后的科學(xué)。我知道科學(xué)的部分我們 沒(méi)問(wèn)題，這我有信心。 原因是因?yàn)?，就在去年?我們分別找出了影響 那三項(xiàng)特性的個(gè)別基因。 在許多情況中， 大概有三分之二的比例， 我們都有不只一種方法可以辦到。那就表示，我們甚至可以 在單一項(xiàng)特性中做組合， 來(lái)取得更多軟木脂。 這里呈現(xiàn)的結(jié)果是， 在右手邊的植物， 它的根的數(shù)量，比左邊的 一般植物高出兩倍之多， 它會(huì)變成這樣，是因?yàn)槲覀儗⑦@種植物中的一個(gè)常見(jiàn)基因 用和它自己一般的做法 稍微不同的方式來(lái)表現(xiàn)。 好，這只是我想 給各位看的一個(gè)例子。

08:53

Andnow I want to tell you that, you know, we still have a lot of challenges,actually, when we get to this problem, because it takes ... We have to get thefarmers to actually buy the seeds, or at least the seed company to buy seedsthat farmers are going to want to have. And so when we do the experiments, wecan't actually take a loss in yield, because while we are doing theseexperiments, say, beginning about 10 years from now, the earth's populationwill be even more than it is right now. And it's rapidly growing still. So bythe end of the century, we have 11 billion people, we have wasted ecosystemsthat aren't really going to be able to handle all the load they have to takefrom agriculture. And then we also have this competition for land. And so wefigure, to do this carbon sequestration experiment actually requires a fairamount of land. We can't take it away from food, because we have to feed thepeople that are also going to be on the earth until we get past this bigcrisis. And the climate change is actually causing loss of yield all over theearth.

現(xiàn)在，我想要跟各位談的是，我們其實(shí)還要面對(duì)很多挑戰(zhàn)， 才能解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題， 我們得要讓農(nóng)夫 真的去買(mǎi)這些種子， 或至少讓種子公司去買(mǎi) 農(nóng)夫想要買(mǎi)的這些種子。 所以，當(dāng)我們做實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)， 我們其實(shí)無(wú)法承受產(chǎn)出損失，因?yàn)?，?dāng)我們?cè)谧鲞@些實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)， 比如，從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始算起十年， 地球的人口將會(huì)比現(xiàn)在還多。 人口仍然在快速成長(zhǎng)。 到這個(gè)世紀(jì)末， 我們將有一百一十億人， 我們未能有效利用的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，將無(wú)法處理 來(lái)自農(nóng)業(yè)的所有負(fù)荷。 接著，還有土地競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。 所以，我們認(rèn)為， 要做這種碳隔離實(shí)驗(yàn)， 其實(shí)會(huì)需要相當(dāng)大片的土地。 我們不能搶食物用的土地， 因?yàn)樵谖覀兌蛇^(guò)這次危機(jī)之前，我們?nèi)匀坏靡峁?食物給地球上的人。 而氣候變化其實(shí)已經(jīng) 在世界各地造成了產(chǎn)出損失。

10:06

Sowhy would farmers want to buy seeds if it's going to impact yield? So we're notgoing to let it impact yield, we're going to always have checks and balancesthat says go or no go on that experiment. And then the second thing is, when aplant actually makes more carbon and buries it in the soil like that, almostall the soils on earth are actually depleted of carbon because of the load fromagriculture, trying to feed eight billion people, which is what lives on theearth right now. And so, that is also a problem as well. Plants that are makingmore carbon, those soils become enriched in carbon. And carbon-enriched soilsactually hold nitrogen and they hold sulphur and they hold phosphate -- all theminerals that are required for plants to grow and have a good yield. And theyalso retain water in the soil as well. So the suberin will break up into littleparticles and give the whole soil a new texture. And as we've shown that we canget more carbon in that soil, the soil will get darker. And so we will be ableto measure all that, and hopefully, this is going to help us solve the problem.So, OK.

所以，農(nóng)夫怎么會(huì)想要買(mǎi)會(huì)影響產(chǎn)出的種子？所以，我們不能讓它影響產(chǎn)出，我們得要一直有制衡原則，來(lái)決定實(shí)驗(yàn)要不要進(jìn)行。第二點(diǎn)，當(dāng)植物 真的制造出更多碳，并這樣將碳埋入土壤時(shí)，地球上幾乎所有的土壤的碳 可能都已經(jīng)耗盡了，原因是農(nóng)業(yè)的負(fù)擔(dān)，現(xiàn)在地球上有八十億人，要提供他們食物所造成的負(fù)擔(dān)。所以，那也是個(gè)問(wèn)題。制造更多碳的植物， 那些土壤就會(huì)更富含碳。富含碳的土壤其實(shí)也含有氮，還有硫以及磷酸鹽——這些都是植物成長(zhǎng)并盛產(chǎn) 所需要的礦物質(zhì)。它們也會(huì)讓土壤中保有水份。所以，軟木脂會(huì)拆開(kāi)成為小粒子，讓整體土壤有新的結(jié)構(gòu)。我們已經(jīng)展示過(guò)， 若土壤中有更多碳，顏色會(huì)變得比較暗。我們能夠測(cè)量這項(xiàng)特性，希望這能協(xié)助我們解決問(wèn)題。所以，好的。

11:16

Sowe have the challenges of a lot of land that we need to use, we have to getfarmers to buy it, and that's going to be the hard thing for us, I think,because we're not really salesmen, we're people who like to Google a personrather than meet them, you know what I mean?

我們的挑戰(zhàn)包括 需要使用很多土地，要讓農(nóng)夫去購(gòu)買(mǎi)，我認(rèn)為，那對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)會(huì)很困難，因?yàn)槲覀儾皇峭其N員，我們這種人比較喜歡去 Google 別人而不是去和別人見(jiàn)面。你們能懂吧？（笑聲）

11:31

（Laughter）

11:32

That'swhat scientists are mostly like.

大部分科學(xué)家都是這樣子的。

11:35

Butwe know now that, you know, no one can really deny -- the climate is changing,everyone knows that. And it's here and it's bad and it's serious, and we needto do something about it. But I feel pretty optimistic that we can do this. SoI'm here today as a character witness for plants. And I want to tell you thatplants are going to do it for us, all we have to do is give them a little help,and they will go and get a gold medal for humanity.

但是我們知道，沒(méi)有人能否認(rèn)——?dú)夂蛘谧冞w，大家都知道。事情發(fā)生了，狀況很糟，很嚴(yán)重，而我們得要采取行動(dòng)。但是對(duì)此我是相對(duì)樂(lè)觀。所以，今天我是以植物的 品格證人身分來(lái)到這里。我想要告訴各位，植物會(huì)為我們做這些，我們只需要給它們一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)協(xié)助，它們就會(huì)為人類取得金牌。

12:01

Thankyou very much.

非常謝謝。

12:02

（Applause）

12:06

（Cheers）

12:08

Thankyou.

12:10

（Applause）

12:17

Ifinally got it out.

我終于把它說(shuō)完了。

12:23

ChrisAnderson: Wow. Joanne, you're so extraordinary. Just to be sure we heard thisright: you believe that within the next 10 years you may be able to offer theworld seed variants for the major crops, like -- what? -- wheat, corn, mayberice, that can offer farmers just as much yield, sequester three times, fourtimes, more carbon than they currently do? Even more than that?

克里斯·安德森：哇。喬安妮，你真了不起。讓我確認(rèn)一下我們有聽(tīng)對(duì)：你認(rèn)為在接下來(lái)的十年間，你們將會(huì)為世界創(chuàng)造出主要作物種子的變種， 比如小麥、玉米，也許還有稻子，而且農(nóng)夫還是能保持產(chǎn)量，并捕捉到比目前還要高 三倍或四倍的碳量？甚至更多？

12:52

JoanneChory: We don't know that number, really. But they will do more.

喬安妮·喬里：我們其實(shí) 不知道確切數(shù)字。但是它們會(huì)產(chǎn)出更多。

12:56

CA:And at the same time, make the soil that those farmers have more fertile?

安德森：并且，同時(shí)，讓那些農(nóng)夫的土壤更肥沃？

13:01

JC:Yes, right.

喬安妮：是的，沒(méi)錯(cuò)。

13:03

CA:So that is astonishing. And the genius of doing that and a solution that canscale where there's already scale.

安德森：那好驚人。且非常天才，這個(gè)解決方案能夠?qū)⒁呀?jīng)有的規(guī)模再擴(kuò)大規(guī)模。

13:10

JC:Yes, thank you for saying that.

喬安妮：是的，謝謝你這么說(shuō)。

13:12

CA:No, no, you said it, you said it. But it almost seems too good to be true. YourAudacious Project is that we scale up the research in your lab and pave the wayto start some of these pilots and make this incredible vision possible.

安德森：不，不，是你說(shuō)的，你說(shuō)的。但聽(tīng)起來(lái)太好了，不太像真的。你的“大膽項(xiàng)目”是要 把你的實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究擴(kuò)大規(guī)模，并為一些試點(diǎn)計(jì)劃鋪路，讓這了不起的遠(yuǎn)景成為可能。

13:28

JC:That's right, yes, thank you.

喬安妮：沒(méi)錯(cuò)，是的，謝謝你。

13:30

CA:Joanne Chory, thank you so much. Godspeed.

安德森：?jiǎn)贪材?middot;喬里， 非常謝謝你。祝成功。

13:33

（Applause）

13:36

JC:Thank you.