社交媒體虛假消息瘋傳，如何練就火眼金睛

08 社交媒體虛假消息瘋傳，如何練就火眼金睛

美國總統(tǒng)大選白熱化時(shí)，社交媒體上充斥著鋪天蓋地的假新聞。這些假新聞的影響并沒有隨著大選的塵埃落定而結(jié)束。相反，它們?nèi)缤烈咭话阊杆俾印?/p>

Millions of people have read about a crazy conspiracy theory called “Pizzagate.” An untold number of them actually believe it.One person apparently took matters into his own hands and showed up with guns to the pizza place that the conspiracy theorists say is at the center of the web.

上百萬人都曾讀過一條叫做“披薩門”的瘋狂陰謀論，其中不計(jì)其數(shù)的人信以為真。其中一位竟親自出馬，持槍前往陰謀論中提到的核心窩點(diǎn)。

——CNN

發(fā)生槍擊案的餐廳Comet Ping Pong

美國總統(tǒng)大選期間，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上出現(xiàn)了鋪天蓋地的假新聞。如今大選已經(jīng)結(jié)束，假新聞的影響卻還在繼續(xù)。美國一名男子受一條假新聞的驅(qū)使在華盛頓的一家餐廳制造了一場槍擊案。英國《衛(wèi)報(bào)》詳細(xì)報(bào)道了此事：

An unidentified 35-year-old man was being held for questioning after police were called to the Comet Ping Pong restaurant in Washington near the Maryland border, said Aquita Brown, a spokeswoman for the Metropolitan Police Department in the nation's capital.

華盛頓特區(qū)警察局的發(fā)言人Aquita Brown稱，警察趕到了華盛頓與馬里蘭交界處的Comet Ping Pong餐廳，將一名身份不明的35歲男性拘留訊問。

The suspect entered the restaurant and pointed a gun at a restaurant employee, who fled and notified authorities, police said.The man then discharged the weapon inside the restaurant.There were no injuries.

警方稱，嫌疑人進(jìn)入餐廳并用槍指著工作人員，但工作人員逃走并報(bào)了警。該男子在餐廳內(nèi)開槍，但無人受傷。

They said the suspect during an interview with investigators revealed that he came to the establishment to “self-investigate” Pizzagate, the police statement said.Pizzagate is a baseless conspiracy, which falsely claims Clinton and her campaign chief John Podesta were running a child sex ring from the restaurant's backrooms.

警方稱嫌疑人在調(diào)查人員的訊問中供認(rèn)，此舉是為了親自調(diào)查“披薩門”?！芭_門”是一則毫無根據(jù)的陰謀論，誣陷希拉里和她的競選主席John Podesta在這家餐廳的密室里經(jīng)營一家兒童妓院。

披薩門并不是個(gè)例。在大選期間曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過很多廣為流傳的假新聞。其中包括一篇來自子虛烏有的刊物《丹佛衛(wèi)報(bào)》的“報(bào)道”：一名被疑泄露了希拉里私人服務(wù)器上郵件的FBI特工被發(fā)現(xiàn)死于謀殺或自殺。憑借Facebook標(biāo)志性的新聞傳播速度，這則新聞在該社交媒體上以每分鐘100次的分享速度迅速擴(kuò)散。

而受到假新聞影響的不只是美國大選。假新聞的風(fēng)潮如同瘟疫一般蔓延。英國《衛(wèi)報(bào)》稱，流傳在社交媒體上的假新聞已經(jīng)成了全世界的難題：

The most blatant example of fake news to hit Germany so far occurred earlier this year over reports that a 13-year-old girl of Russian origin, known as Lisa F, had been raped in Berlin by refugees from the Middle East.The story received extensive coverage on Russian and German media who reported the allegations that she had been abducted on her way to school and gang-raped.The attack turned out to have been fabricated, as Berlin's chief of police was quick to point out.According to Berlin's public prosecutor's office the girl had spent 30 hours with people known to her, and a medical examination proved she had not been raped.

目前，德國最明目張膽的假新聞出現(xiàn)在今年早些時(shí)候，稱一名13歲俄裔女孩Liza F在柏林被來自中東的難民強(qiáng)奸。大量俄羅斯和德國媒體報(bào)道了此事，稱她在上學(xué)路上被綁架并輪奸。柏林警察局長很快指出此次犯罪事件被證明是偽造的。根據(jù)柏林公共檢察官辦公室，這名女孩與熟人一起待了30個(gè)小時(shí)，醫(yī)學(xué)檢查也證明她沒有被強(qiáng)奸。

盡管該報(bào)道很快被證明為假消息，但仍引起了巨大的反響，包括德國國內(nèi)極右翼和反伊斯蘭勢力的游行抗議和來自俄羅斯外交部的指責(zé)。

One example, in the recent primary race to choose the French right's presidential candidate, was a campaign on the fachosphère to claim the centre-right candidate Alain Juppé was linked to the Muslim Brotherhood.The accusation dated back to local elections in 2014 when distorted stories circulated on a far-right opinion website, accusing Juppé of wanting to build a “Mosque-Cathedral” in Bordeaux, where he is mayor.The story grew and was embellished during the primary campaigns to portray Juppé as a Muslim Brotherhood-linked “Ali Juppé”.

舉一個(gè)例子，在法國最近舉行的右翼總統(tǒng)候選人選舉中，fachosphère上的一則競選宣傳中稱中右派候選人阿蘭·朱佩(Alain Juppé)與穆斯林兄弟會有聯(lián)系。這一指控可以追溯到2014年，一場地方選舉中，極右翼網(wǎng)站發(fā)布歪曲的消息指控市長朱佩想在波爾多建一座清真寺。在初選選戰(zhàn)中這個(gè)消息被人們口耳相傳，越抹越黑，將朱佩表述為與穆斯林兄弟會有牽連的“阿里·朱佩”。

朱佩最終在法國共和黨初選的第二輪落敗。假新聞無疑對他帶來了負(fù)面影響。

根據(jù)CNN的報(bào)道，剛剛結(jié)束的意大利憲法改革公投也被假新聞波及。

Half of the most popular news stories related to the referendum shared on social media in Italy before the vote on Sunday were fake, according to a fact checking site Pagella Politica.

根據(jù)事實(shí)查證網(wǎng)站Pagella Politica，在周日的公投開始前，意大利社交網(wǎng)站上與公投有關(guān)的流傳最廣的新聞中，有一半都是假的。

“Fake news are able to reach huge audiences, but by and large they remain undetected by the media-and so are not debunked or criticized,” said Giovanni Zagni, senior analyst at Pagella Politica.

“假新聞有廣大的受眾，但媒體很大程度上對此一無所知，假新聞也因此免于被揭穿和批判。” Pagella Politica的資深分析師Giovanni Zagni說。

此外，在巴西、澳大利亞、印度等國家，也出現(xiàn)了帶來嚴(yán)重負(fù)面影響的假新聞。假新聞在社交媒體上的廣泛傳播帶來的影響已經(jīng)如此嚴(yán)重，以至于牛津大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)專家霍華德（Philip Howard）發(fā)出了警告稱，社交媒體正在扼殺民主。

Buzzfeed編輯克雷格·西爾弗曼（Craig Silverman）統(tǒng)計(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在美國大選投票的前3個(gè)月，F(xiàn)acebook上和競選人相關(guān)的假新聞的受關(guān)注度超過來自《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》、《赫芬頓郵報(bào)》等傳統(tǒng)媒體。很難評估社交媒體上瘋傳的這些虛假信息會對選舉產(chǎn)生多大的影響，但毫無疑問會產(chǎn)生影響。

在虛假消息遍布社交網(wǎng)站的今天，普通人是否只能人為刀俎，我為魚肉，成為假新聞的犧牲品呢？NPR給出了一些建議來幫助大家識別假新聞。

Pay attention to the domain and URL

注意新聞網(wǎng)站的域名和URL

一些以.com.co 結(jié)尾的網(wǎng)站常常缺乏可信度

Read the “About Us” section

讀網(wǎng)站上“關(guān)于我們”的板塊

了解發(fā)布消息的新聞機(jī)構(gòu)有助于辨別假消息

Look at the quotes in a story

注意新聞中的引用

很多假消息的消息源并不可靠

Look at who said them

注意引用的信息是誰提供的

假消息中引用的專業(yè)人士的話可能存在歪曲

Check the comments

查看評論

評論中可能有知情人指出虛假信息

Reverse image search

反向搜索新聞圖片

很多假新聞配有誤導(dǎo)性的圖片，反向搜索新聞圖片可以查找圖片的來源

詞匯總結(jié)

conspiracy [k?n'sp?r?s?]

n.陰謀；共謀；陰謀集團(tuán)

Millions of people have read about a crazy conspiracy theory called “Pizzagate.”

上百萬人都曾讀過一條叫做“披薩門”的瘋狂陰謀論。

blatant ['ble?t(?)nt]

adj.喧囂的；公然的；炫耀的；俗麗的

The most blatant example of fake news to hit Germany so far occurred earlier this year

目前，德國最明目張膽的假新聞出現(xiàn)在今年早些時(shí)候。

fabricate ['f?br?ke?t]

v.制造；偽造；裝配

The attack turned out to have been fabricated, as Berlin's chief of police was quick to point out.

柏林警察局長很快指出此次犯罪事件被證明是偽造的。

debunk [di?'b??k]

v.揭穿；拆穿…的假面具；暴露

Fake news are able to reach huge audiences, but by and large they remain undetected by the media-and so are not debunked or criticized.

假新聞有廣大的受眾，但媒體很大程度上對此一無所知，假新聞也因此免于被揭穿和批判。

circulate ['s??kj?le?t]

v.傳播，流傳；循環(huán)；流通

The accusation dated back to local elections in 2014 when distorted stories circulated on a far-right opinion website, accusing Juppé of wanting to build a “Mosque-Cathedral” in Bordeaux, where he is mayor.

這一指控可以追溯到2014年，一場地方選舉中，極右翼網(wǎng)站發(fā)布歪曲的消息指控市長朱佩想在波爾多建一座清真寺。