中產(chǎn)階級：我們是誰？

中產(chǎn)階級：我們是誰？

We are what we do曾經(jīng)是對中產(chǎn)階級的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)描述，但由于種種原因，這種身份與職業(yè)的關(guān)系不再密不可分。那么，中產(chǎn)階級的身份靠什么來定義？“我們是誰”的問題重要嗎？

測試中可能遇到的詞匯和知識：

erudite 博學(xué)的，飽學(xué)之士

completion anxiety 一定要完成某事的強迫癥

meticulous 一絲不茍的，拘泥小節(jié)的

barrister 大律師，在英國、澳大利亞、香港等普通法制度的國家或地區(qū)的“訟務(wù)律師”，有別于“事務(wù)律師”，只有前者能出庭發(fā)言。

distill 蒸餾、凈化

amoral 非道德的，超道德的

psychopath 精神病患者

gregarious 群居的，（善于）社交的

beery 啤酒的，醉醺醺的

copywriter 廣告等文案人員

geriatric 老年病人

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The great middle-class identity crisis

By Simon Kuper

‘Fewer stay in the same profession for life. We are ceasing to be our jobs’

* * *

Ionce had dinner in San Francisco with a group of independent bookshop owners. How, I asked them, do people end up running their own bookshops? Oh, they said, there was a set route, pretty much the equivalent of taking holy orders.

It went like this: you are writing a graduate thesis. You start working in a bookshop to make a bit of cash. Your thesis tails off. You increase your hours in the shop. Eventually the ageing bookshop owner forces you to take over the thing. This is a profession of erudite drifters with completion anxiety.

That’s been the middle-class experience for ever: people have a professional identity. We are what we do. We choose professions that suit our identity, and then those professions enhance our identity. Meticulous types become accountants, and then accountancy makes them even more meticulous. Men in particular have always defined themselves partly through their work. But that era is ending. With the economic crisis and technological change (robots are taking over the world), ever fewer of us have satisfying jobs or stay in the same profession for life. People are ceasing to be their jobs. That is forcing them to find new identities.

I’ve spent years doing amateur research into professional identity. A barrister distilled the essential characteristics of his profession for me: “You have to plead whichever side of the case happens to hire you, so you need to be amoral. And then you have to be persuasive. It’s the profile of a psychopath.” A former journalist who fled into investment banking gave me his take on bankers: “People who are interested in money, usually because they grew up without much.”

Politicians are despised but in my experience they tend to be friendly and gregarious. When I once accidentally stumbled into a room full of leftwing politicians from around the world, I noticed something else: they almost all looked good. These are the people confident enough to enter de facto popularity contests and have their faces enlarged on to posters.

Professional identities change over time. When I entered journalism 20 years ago, it was quite beery. Then the internet arrived and required nonstop writing for falling pay. Nowadays journalists seem to be strivers and, increasingly, women. (The fastest way to feminise a profession is to reduce pay.)

Academia used to attract people who liked ideas. But with the decline of grand theory, and the pressure to publish endless papers, academics now tend to be hardworking types willing to devote their lives to minuscule specialities.

(In Dutch slang, this type of person is known as “an ant-lover”: someone obsessed with tiny things.) Other professions are being destroyed by technology. When one of the bookshop owners asked me that night to name my favourite bookshop and I stupidly answered, “Amazon,” she replied: “Aargh.” Journalism is being replaced by PR.

The victims of these changes lose their professional identities. This happens to most advertising copywriters, for instance, after about age 40. In these cases, the person’s story about who they are suddenly collapses. That’s one reason why unemployed people tend to be unhappy. Any sudden change in job status also confuses friends and family.

We middle classes are simply experiencing what the working classes have been through since the 1970s. Miners and factory workers had hard, unpleasant jobs but these jobs conferred identity – in part precisely because they were hard. Today most working-class jobs entail serving people: pouring coffee, driving taxis or looking after toddlers or geriatrics. But it’s difficult to construct an identity from servile work. In one sequence of the Peanuts cartoon, Snoopy is a “World famous grocery checkout clerk”. He always starts enthusiastically then gets disillusioned. “Sigh. Seven hours and 40 minutes to go …” he’ll say, or: “It’s hard being a world famous grocery clerk.”

A class divide separates people who choose their job from people who don’t. Today’s young people mostly don’t. If they have work, it’s often servile. That means they have to define themselves without the benefit of professional identity. Many do it through consumption: you are your Mac or your favourite kind of coffee. Social media offer other strategies. On Twitter, you get 160 characters to write your biography – in essence, to state your identity. Younger people often just name their favourite sports teams or bands, or use a tag such as: “The only thing stopping me from being pure white trash is my lack of motivation.”

white trash refers to poor white people who are seen as criminal, unpredictable and with no respect for authority.

For many of these people, their Twitter account or Facebook page is their identity. It’s the place where they present themselves to the world. These sites have taken off partly because our other identities have weakened – or, as the sociologist Zygmunt Bauman puts it, have become “l(fā)iquid”. People once defined themselves by their job, church, nation and family. But in these secular, jobless, globalised times when ever more of us live alone, we are no longer very sure who we are.

請根據(jù)你所讀到的文章內(nèi)容，完成以下自測題目：

1. "We are what we do", since when?

a. Since the rise of the middle class.

b. Since the industrial revolution.

c. Since the emergence of the internet.

d. Since always.

2. "People are ceasing to be their jobs", why is it?

a. Professions no longer enhance our identity.

b. The economic crisis changes everything.

c. Fewer people hold the same profession for life.

d. It's getting ever harder to be accountants or academics.

3. When a bookshop owner asked the writer what was his favorite bookshop, he replied "Amazon", why?

a. It was a slip of the tongue.

b. Amazon is indeed his favorite bookshop.

c. Online stores are threatening brick and mortar stores.

d. New technology is eliminating the professional identity of bookshop keepers.

4. How do people without a professional identity do?

a. Find a servile job.

b. Accept being called "trash".

c. Use Mac and drink coffee.

d. Establish identity through social media.

[1] 答案d. Since always.

解釋：第三段中作者說，That’s been the middle-class experience for ever.而ABC都是干擾項，文章中沒有提到自從這個時候人們的身份與職業(yè)息息相關(guān)，也沒用提到在這個之前就不是這樣。

[2] 答案c. Fewer people hold the same profession for life.

解釋：A只是重復(fù)了問句，沒有回答原因。經(jīng)濟危機和科技進步威脅人們的工作穩(wěn)定性，讓人們開始尋找新的工作，這就是C的原因，回答了問題。

[3] 答案b. Amazon is indeed his favorite bookshop.

解釋：CD是很有欺騙性的干擾項，如果問“亞馬遜這個回答說明了什么”，就可以選CD，如果問為什么他不假思索的回答“亞馬遜”，那顯然是因為他最喜歡買書的地方的確是這里。

[4] 答案d. Establish identity through social media.

解釋：顯然D正確。