第9章　被動(dòng)語態(tài) 9.5　在什么情況下用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)

9.5　在什么情況下用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)

9.5.1　使用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主要情況

掌握被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的形式很重要，但使用卻要慎重。一般說來，沒有特殊理由不宜用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。在多數(shù)情況下用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)是比較自然的。翻開一頁書，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)百分之八九十的句子都用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，只在一定情況下需用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：

1) 不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰，這時(shí)只好用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：

The monastery was built in the Middle Ages. 這座寺院建于中世紀(jì)。

Three people were injured. 三個(gè)人受了傷。

The building was burned down. 這座建筑完全焚毀了。

The boy was nearly drowned. 那孩子差點(diǎn)淹死。

When will the result be announced? 結(jié)果什么時(shí)候宣布？

The British general election was held in October. 英國十月份舉行大選。

We are called on to take an active part in the movement. 號(hào)召我們積極參加這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。

He was jailed for six years. 他被監(jiān)禁了六年。

2) 不必提到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，因此也可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：

The book was published in 2000. 這書是2000年出版的。

A peace treaty was finally signed. 最終簽定了一項(xiàng)和約。

The match had to be cancelled because of bad weather. 天氣不好，比賽不得不取消。

The plant was shut down for two months. 工廠關(guān)閉了兩個(gè)月。

Rent has to be paid in advance. 房租得預(yù)交。

Your hand will be X-rayed. 你的手要作X光透視檢查。

Persistent foul play will be severely penalized. 不斷犯規(guī)要受到重罰。

This problem will be dealt with in the next chapter. 這個(gè)問題將在下一章中討論。

3) 動(dòng)作的承受者（或結(jié)果）是談話的中心：

Madame Bovery was written by Flaubert.《包法利夫人》是福樓拜寫的。

Are these goods made by machinery? 這些貨物是機(jī)器生產(chǎn)的嗎？

When she was ill her children were looked after by neighbours. 她生病時(shí)孩子們由鄰居照管。

These motions can be vetoed by the Governor. 這些動(dòng)議州長可以否決。

Philip was depressed by what he had gone through. 菲利浦因他經(jīng)歷的事而沮喪。

這類句子常有一個(gè)by引導(dǎo)的短語說明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，有時(shí)也可沒有：

When he arrived home he was arrested (by a detective). 他到家時(shí)被捕了。

A new public library is being built (by our local council). 一座新的公共圖書館正在修建。

The house next door has been bought (by someone). 隔壁房子有人買了。

4) 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者很模糊（如指people， one等），故用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)也很自然：

It's suggested that we put the meeting off. 有人建議會(huì)議延期舉行。

This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere. 這種廣告（人們）到處都可以看到。

He is suspected of taking bribery. 有人懷疑他受賄。

They are supposed to be living in New York. 人們認(rèn)為他們住在紐約。

The letter has been opened! 這信有人拆開了！

He was believed to have made an important discovery. 據(jù)信他有了重大發(fā)現(xiàn)。

It was rumoured that he was a spy. 謠傳他是個(gè)間諜。

It's alleged that the hostage is already dead. 有人說人質(zhì)已經(jīng)死了。

5) 為了措辭上的圓通，常避免說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者：

You are requested to give us a talk on Japanese culture. 敬請(qǐng)您給我們作一個(gè)有關(guān)日本文化的講座。

You are cordially invited to a dance to be given at the Teachers' Club at 7 p.m. on May Day. 謹(jǐn)訂于五一節(jié)晚七時(shí)于教師俱樂部舉行舞會(huì)敬請(qǐng)光臨。

It is generally considered rude to stare at people. 盯著看人通常認(rèn)為是粗魯無禮的。

It's hoped that such things would not happen again. 希望這樣的事不再發(fā)生。

It's much to be regretted that you can't join us in the trip. 你不能參與同行會(huì)是很遺憾的。

6) 為了使句子得到更好的安排：

He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他在臺(tái)上出現(xiàn)，受到觀眾的熱列鼓掌。（這樣用一個(gè)主語即可）

The plan was supported by those who wish to live on the campus. 這計(jì)劃受到想在校園住的人的支持。（若為主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)句子就較難安排）

They were killed by a grenade, which exploded under the car. 他們被一顆在汽車下爆炸的手榴彈炸死。

The principle of bottling is very simple. Food is put in jars, the jars and their contents are heated to a temperature which is maintained long enough to ensure that all bacteria, moulds and viruses are destroyed. 裝瓶的操作很簡單。把食物裝在瓶內(nèi)，把瓶子連同新盛的東西一起加熱到某個(gè)溫度，將這溫度維持足夠時(shí)間，以保證所有細(xì)菌、霉菌及病毒都被殺死。（這樣安排意思清楚，行文流暢，把上面任何被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)改為主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)都可能造成困難）

9.5.2　一些常常使用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的情況

1) 公告，通知：

Lying on the floor is strictly prohibited. 嚴(yán)禁躺在（車廂）地板上。

None of the reference books are to be taken out of the reading-room. 參考書不得攜出閱覽室。

Only fifty kilos are allowed for personal baggage. 個(gè)人攜帶物品只限五十公斤。

Applications must be sent in by 31st July. 必須于7月31日前提出申請(qǐng)。

2) 新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)：

The search for the bank robbers continues. Meanwhile many people have been questioned and the owner of the stolen getaway car has been traced.搜索銀行劫匪的行動(dòng)在繼續(xù)著。與此同時(shí)，許多人受到盤問，并一直在查找劫匪逃逸所偷汽車的車主。

3) 報(bào)紙標(biāo)題（動(dòng)詞be常被省略）：

Congressman Assassinated! 國會(huì)議員遭到暗殺！

Two Drug Traffickers Hanged in Singapore! 兩名毒販在新加坡被絞死！

Five-year-old Boy Kidnapped! 五歲男童遭到綁架！

4) 科技文章：

The mixture is placed in a crucible and is heated to a temperature of 300℃. It is then allowed to cool before it can be analysed. 將混合液置于坩鍋中，加熱至攝氏300度，然后令其冷卻，隨后便可進(jìn)行分析。