第9章　被動語態(tài) 9.3　各種結(jié)構(gòu)的被動形式

9.3　各種結(jié)構(gòu)的被動形式

9.3.1　帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)

1) 由can， could構(gòu)成的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

This pump can also be operated by hand. 這種泵也可手動操作。

This can't be done in a short time. 這不是短期內(nèi)能完成的。

How could she be persuaded to stay? 怎么能勸說她留下？

He thought that expenditure could be further reduced. 他認(rèn)為開支還可進(jìn)一步削減。

△can， could后的不定式也可用完成形式：

This can't have been done by a human being. 這不可能是人做的事。

Such expenses could have been avoided. 這些開支本來是可以避免的。

2) 由may， might構(gòu)成的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

The road may be further widened. 這條路還可再拓寬一點(diǎn)。

An art school may (might) be opened next year. 明年可能開辦一所藝術(shù)學(xué)校。

You might be asked to speak at the meeting. 可能會請你在會上發(fā)言。

She might be sent to work abroad. 她可能被派往國外工作。

△may， might后的不定式也可用完成形式：

He may have been given wrong information. 可能給了他錯誤的情報。

They might have been put in the wrong place. 它們可能被放錯了地方。

3) 由must， mustn't構(gòu)成的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

This must be considered carefully. 這事必須仔細(xì)考慮。

Glassware must be handled with care. 玻璃器皿必須輕拿輕放。

All these factors mustn't be neglected. 所有這些因素都不能忽略。

Pupils mustn't be given too much homework. 學(xué)生作業(yè)不能留得太多。

△must， mustn't后的不定式也可用完成形式：

The house must have been broken into at night. 這房子準(zhǔn)是夜里有人強(qiáng)行闖入。

This pagoda must have been built in the Ming Dynasty. 這座寶塔一定是明朝建的。

4) 由should構(gòu)成的被動語態(tài)：

You should be praised for what you've done. 你的行為應(yīng)予表揚(yáng)。

Should she be told about it? 這事應(yīng)該告訴她嗎？

This should be kept a secret. 這事應(yīng)當(dāng)保密。

Our precious time shouldn't be wasted that way. 我們的寶貴時間不應(yīng)當(dāng)這樣浪費(fèi)。

△should后面的不定式也可用完成形式：

Such people shouldn't have been invited. 這樣的人本來就不該邀請。

They should have been well treated. 他們本應(yīng)受到良好的待遇。

5) needn't也可用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

She needn't be told about it. 這事無需告訴她。

The second point needn't be (needn't have been) mentioned. 第二點(diǎn)無需提及。

在肯定句及疑問句中要加to：

They need to be cautioned. 他們需要提醒。

Does this need to be mentioned? 這一點(diǎn)需要提嗎？

9.3.2　一些不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的被動形式

1) ought to的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

Such behaviour ought to be criticized. 這種行為應(yīng)受到批評。

He ought to be (have been) given a chance to try. 應(yīng)當(dāng)給他嘗試的機(jī)會。

This ought to be done right away. 這事應(yīng)當(dāng)馬上去做。

He ought to have been inoculated. 他本應(yīng)先打預(yù)防針的。

2) 由be going to構(gòu)成的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

When is the dam going to be completed? 水壩什么時候建好？

How many people are going to be sent there? 將派多少人去那里？

Two of them were going to be promoted. 他們中有兩人將要升職。

Her drama was going to be produced in July. 她的話劇定于七月份上演。

3) 由has（have/had）to構(gòu)成的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

This has to be done promptly. 這事必須趕快辦理。

Many problems have to be discussed at the meeting. 很多問題得在會上商談。

This will (would) have to be handled with care. 這事得小心處理。

These instructions had to be carried out to the letter. 這些指示必須不折不扣地執(zhí)行。

4) 由“be+不定式”構(gòu)成的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

This book is to be published next year. 這本書將于明年出版。

These old buildings are to be pulled down. 這些舊樓將要拆掉。

Not a soul was to be seen. 一個人影也看不到。

They were to have been married that fall, but she fell seriously ill. 他們本來那年秋天結(jié)婚，但她得了重病。

5) 由 “be bound（sure）to”構(gòu)成的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

She is bound to be convinced. 她一定會被說服。

They are (were) bound to be confronted with all sorts of difficulties. 他們肯定會面臨種種困難。

These difficulties are sure to be overcome. 這些困難一定會被克服。

These questions are certain to be given careful consideration. 這些問題一定會給予認(rèn)真考慮。

6) 由“be about（due）to”構(gòu)成的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

He was (is) about to be transferred to another place. 他即將被調(diào)往另一地區(qū)。

The rally was (is) due to be held on Saturday. 大會定于星期六召開。

The work is not likely to be finished so soon. 這工作不太可能這么快就完成。

9.3.3　成語動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)

1)“及物動詞+副詞”的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

This failure has been brought about by your own negligence. 這次失敗是你們自己的疏忽造成的。

The proposal was brought forward by Senator Douglas. 這個提案是參議員道格拉斯提出的。

His illness was brought on by his worries. 他憂慮成疾。

The theory of relativity was put forward by Einstein. 相對論是愛因斯坦提出的。

2)“動詞+介詞”的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

　The meeting was brought to a climax by her appearance on the stage. 她在臺上出現(xiàn)使會議達(dá)到了高潮。

　The matter was soon brought to his notice. 這事很快受到他的注意。

The baby was closely looked after by her. 寶寶受到她細(xì)致的照顧。

The plan was soon put into operation. 這計(jì)劃不久就實(shí)施了。

3)“動詞+副詞（名詞）+介詞”的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

There are some things that are not easily put up with. 有些事是不容易忍受的。

Lazy people are looked down on by everyone. 懶人誰都瞧不起。

His efforts to improve himself are constantly made fun of. 他自我完善的努力經(jīng)常遭人取笑。

They're taken care of by the factory's nursery. 他們由工廠的幼兒園照顧。

9.3.4　一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的被動形式

1) 雙賓動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

雙賓動詞有些可用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)，在多數(shù)情況下都把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，而把直接賓語保留下來，稱為保留賓語（Retained Object）：

They were granted permission to visit the military base. 他們獲準(zhǔn)參觀軍事基地。

She was given a warm welcome. 她受到熱烈歡迎。

We were assigned a lot of homework. 我們被布置了大量的家庭作業(yè)。

The best students are awarded scholarships. 最優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生被頒給了獎學(xué)金。

有時也可把直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，把間接賓語改為to引導(dǎo)的短語：

Excellent rooms are assigned to the girls. 上好的房間分給了那些姑娘。

The St. Mungo Prize was awarded to Mrs. Rayman. 圣曼戈獎頒給了雷門夫人。

2) 帶復(fù)合賓語動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

You are requested to be present at the ceremony. 請您出席這個典禮。

She was made a model worker. 她被選為勞模。

Details of the contract haven't been made public. 合同的細(xì)節(jié)尚未公布。

She was heard singing in the next room. 有人聽見她在隔壁房間唱歌。

3)“be +過去分詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)：

She is said to know five languages. 據(jù)說她懂得五種語言。

This was considered (thought) to be a great honour. 這被認(rèn)為是很榮幸的事。

He's rumoured to have fled the country. 謠傳他已逃離這個國家。

She's reported to have broken a world record. 據(jù)報導(dǎo)她打破了一項(xiàng)世界紀(jì)錄。

4)“it+be+過去分詞+從句”結(jié)構(gòu)：

It's believed (said) that she has some supernatural powers. 據(jù)信（說）她有某些特異功能。

It's rumoured that the girl had eloped with her teacher. 謠傳這女孩和她的老師私奔了。

It's reported that they have discovered a new star. 據(jù)報導(dǎo)他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一顆新星。

It was feared that they wouldn't be able to defend the town. 大家擔(dān)心守不住這座城市。