動詞主要分作下面幾類:
● 及物動詞(Transitive Verbs)
● 不及物動詞(Intransitive Verbs)
● 兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞的動詞(Ergative Verbs)
● 雙賓動詞(Ditransive Verbs)
● 成語動詞(Phrasal Verbs)
● 系動詞(Link-Verbs)
● 助動詞和情態(tài)動詞(Auxiliary Verbs and Modal Verbs)
1) 這類動詞通常都跟有賓語,如:
She committed a serious error. 她犯了一個嚴(yán)重的錯誤。
They were busy making artificial flowers. 他們在忙著做紙花。
The child needed constant attention. 這孩子需要經(jīng)常照顧。
Where did you put the key? 你把鑰匙放哪兒了?
這類動詞很多,常見的如:
2) 有些及物動詞以表示人的名詞或代詞作賓語:
I'll contact you as soon as I arrive. 我一到就會和你聯(lián)系。
Her attitude surprised me. 她的態(tài)度使我吃驚。
He often teased his sister. 他常常逗他的妹妹。
Her words comforted the sobbing child. 她的話給了那哭泣的孩子以安慰。
常見的這類動詞如:
3) 還有些及物動詞和一個介詞短語或副詞連用:
Shakespeare compared the world to a stage. 莎士比亞把世界比作舞臺。
This song reminded me of my childhood. 這首歌使我想起了童年。
I couldn't rid myself of this melancholy mood. 我無法擺脫這種憂郁的情緒。
He promised to treat us to dinner. 他答應(yīng)請我們吃飯。
常見的這類短語有:
4) 有幾個及物動詞可以和許多名詞一道表示動作,這類動詞稱為虛意動詞(Delexical Verbs),最常見的是下面幾個:
have可以跟:
give可以跟:
take可以跟:
make可以跟:
相關(guān)用法的例句可查閱《現(xiàn)代英語用法詞典》。
5) 動詞do可以跟許多名詞作賓語,意思隨后面的名詞而變化:
Go and do your hair. 去梳梳頭。
Have you done your teeth? 你刷牙了嗎?
She was doing the dishes. 她在洗盤子。
Can you do the room now? 你現(xiàn)在能打掃房間了嗎?
When are you to do the windows? 你什么時候擦窗子?
He found her doing the flowers. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)她在插花。
Do they do science at school? 他們在學(xué)校學(xué)科學(xué)課程嗎?
He's learning to do sums. 他在學(xué)做算術(shù)題。
The group is doing‘Macbeth'. 這個劇團在演《麥克佩斯》。
We did two concerts last week. 上星期我們聽了兩場音樂會。
Have you done the Tower? 你參觀倫敦塔了嗎?
We did Spain in two weeks. 我們在西班牙游覽了兩周。
He does seventy-five on the freeway. 在高速公路上他開車時速為七十五英里。
We did the journey in six hours. 路上我們走了六小時。
He did ten years for armed robbery. 他因持槍搶劫入獄十年。
The barber will do you next. 理發(fā)師下一個將給你理。
He does his guests well. 他把客人招待得很好。
That shopkeeper did me. 那個商店老板騙了我。
He has done an excellent article. 他寫了一篇精彩的文章。
She did some pretty sketches. 她畫了幾張漂亮的素描。
Jane did most of the talking. 大部分時間是簡在說話。
Who does the cooking? 誰做飯?
She's doing her knitting. 她在織毛線。
1) 這類動詞都不跟賓語,例如:
I itch all over. 我渾身發(fā)癢。
She flushed and made no answer. 她臉紅了,沒有回答。
When did it happen? 這事什么時候發(fā)生的?
He was shivering all over. 他渾身發(fā)抖。
下面這些動詞通常作不及物動詞:
2) 有些動詞在多數(shù)情況下用作vi(不及物動詞),間或用作vt.(及物動詞),這時意思不同:
用作vi. 用作vt.
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* * *
She doesn't run fast. 她跑得不快。 She runs a store. 她經(jīng)營一家商店。
They advanced 40 miles. 他們推進了40英里。 He advanced a new theory. 他提出了一個新理論。
The sun is shining. 陽光燦爛。 Shine your shoes. 把你的皮鞋擦一擦。
Why are you crying? 你為什么哭? She cried herself to sleep. 她哭著哭著睡著了。
還有少數(shù)動詞通常作vi.,但可跟同源賓語,如laugh,smile,sleep,live等詞都如此。(關(guān)于這一點可參閱第13.3.3節(jié))
3) 還有些動詞經(jīng)常和某個介詞連用,如:
The plan depends on the weather. 這計劃得靠天氣決定。
She objected to the idea. 她反對這個主意。
Don't refer to that matter again. 不要再提此事。
I care very little for fame now. 我現(xiàn)在對名氣不怎么在乎。
常見的這類結(jié)構(gòu)有:
英語中大部分動詞都既可作vt.,也可作vi.,只能作一種動詞而不能作另一種動詞的是少數(shù)。兼作兩種動詞的情況很多,大致上有下面這些情況:
1) 用于一個意義時為vt.,用于另一個意義時為vi.:
用作vt. 用作vi.
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* * *
Happy to meet you. 見到你很高興。 When shall we meet? 我們何時碰頭?
Mind the dog. 當(dāng)心有狗。 I'm sure he won't mind. 我肯定他不會在意。
She couldn't stand the cold. 她受不了嚴(yán)寒。 Don't stand in the rain. 別站在雨里。
Don't move my things. 別動我的東西。 The train is moving now. 火車開動了。
Smoking hurts you. 吸煙對你有害。 My head hurts. 我頭疼。
He hanged himself in sorrow. 在悲痛中他懸梁自盡了。 Her portrait hangs over the mantel piece.她的畫像掛在壁爐臺上方。
They beat him unconsccions. 他們把他打得不省人事。 Her heart was beating violently. 她的心猛烈地跳動著。
Please pass me the salt. 請把鹽遞給我。 The winter finally passed. 冬天終于過去了。
因此,在學(xué)某一個具體的動詞時,要經(jīng)常注意它在什么時候用作vt.,什么時候用作vi.。
2) 有些動詞在意思基本上不變的情況下,有時用作vt.,有時用作vi.,例如:
用作vt. 用作vi.
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* * *
Can you help me? 你能幫我嗎? Every little helps. (諺)積少成多。
Tigers eat meat. 老虎吃肉。 We eat at six. 我們六點吃飯。
She isn't going to marry him. 她不準(zhǔn)備嫁他。 Don't marry in haste. 不要匆忙結(jié)婚。
Sing us a song, please. 請給我們唱一支歌。 Who's singing there? 誰在那兒唱歌?
She speaks good English. 她英文講得很好。 Who is speaking? 誰在講話?
She's typing a letter. 她在打一封信。 She's typing. 她在打字。
Who wrote the poem? 這詩誰寫的? He writes very well. 他文筆很好。
She's studying medicine. 她在學(xué)醫(yī)。 She studies hard. 她學(xué)習(xí)很用功。
在學(xué)每一個英語動詞時都要注意在意思大體上不變的情況下是否既可作vt.,又可作vi.。
3) 有些動詞通常作及物動詞,但有時賓語不必講出(從上下文中可以看出),因此也就成了不及物動詞,如:
His father came yesterday. ——Yes, I know (it). 他父親昨天來了。——是的,我知道。
I'm sure she didn't notice (it). 我肯定她沒注意(此事)。
Oh, yes. Now I remember (it). 啊,是的。我想起來了。
What's his name? "I forget (it)." “他叫什么名字?”“我忘了”。
He aimed at the black spot and missed (it). 他瞄準(zhǔn)黑點但沒擊中。
Why didn't you answer (me)? 你為什么不回答(我)?
He didn't understand (it) very well. 他不很理解。
Who won (the game)? 誰贏了(比賽)?
4) 還有些動詞可作vt.,也可作vi.,后面可跟介詞短語:
用作vt. 用作vi.
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* * *
I'll fight you. 我來和你打。 They fought with each other. 他們互相斗毆。
England is playing Australia. 英國對陣澳大利亞。 David played against Louise. 大衛(wèi)和路易斯比賽。
He wandered the streets.他在街上漫步。 They wandered in the park. 他們在公園里漫步。
Will you check the figures? 你要不要把數(shù)字核對一遍? First check on your answers. 先核對一下你的答案。
She's walking the street. 她在街上行走。 She walked along (through) the street.她沿著那條街走。
He ruled Britain for 60 years. 他統(tǒng)治英國達(dá)六十年。 He ruled over the empire for a long time.他長期統(tǒng)治這個帝國。
The whole nation mourned his death. 全國哀悼他的逝世。 We mourn for our fallen officers and men. 我們?yōu)殛囃鰧⑹堪?/p>
Zilla mocked him as a country boy. 齊拉嘲笑他是個鄉(xiāng)下孩子。 He mocked at my pronunciation. 他嘲笑我的發(fā)音。
這種現(xiàn)象值得注意。
5) 有些動詞,隨著主語不同而可用作vt.或vi.,例如:
作vt. 作vi.
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* * *
The continual strain aged her. 持續(xù)的勞累使她衰老了。 He's ag(e)ing fast.他老得很快。
He began a series of experiments. 他開始了一連串的試驗。 When does the play begin? 戲什么時候開始?
Boil the potatoes for 20 minutes. 把土豆煮20分鐘。 The water is boiling. 水開了。
Take care not to break it. 小心別把它打破了。 Brittle things break easily. 脆的東西容易破碎。
這類動詞很多,常見的如:
1) 有不少動詞后面可以跟兩個賓語,前面為間接賓語,后面為直接賓語:
主 語 謂 語 間接賓語 直接賓語
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
They granted us a loan.
I will lend you my typewriter.
We owed him 100 dollars.
Hand me the timetable
間接賓語有時可以放到后面去,不過前面要加介詞to,如:
They granted a loan to us.
I'll lend my typewriter to you.
We owed 100 dollars to him.
Hand the timetable to me.
常見的這類動詞有:
2) 另有一批動詞,也可跟兩個賓語,但把間接賓語放在后部時,要改為由for引導(dǎo)的短語,如:
跟兩個賓語 包含for引導(dǎo)的短語
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* * *
Sing us a song, please. Please sing a song for us.
Father bought me a camera. Father bought a camera for me.
Fetch me the evening paper. Fetch the evening paper for me.
Play us some light music. Play some light music for us.
這類動詞常見的有:
3) 還有少數(shù)動詞也跟兩個賓語,但很少把間接賓語放到句子后面去:
I'll never forgive you that lie. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會原諒你那次撒謊。
I wish you good luck. 祝你好運。
I envy you your health. 我羨慕你的好身體。
How dare you ask me such a question? 你怎么敢問我這樣的問題?
She didn't want to cause you any inconvenience. 她不想給你造成不便。
The hotel charged me £ 15 for a room for the night. 旅館這一晚收我15鎊的房錢。
That suit cost me over £ 60. 那套衣服花了我60多英鎊。
They denied the prisoner all freedom. 他們不給那囚犯任何自由。
I want you to promise me one thing. 我要求你答應(yīng)我一件事。
She can't refuse him anything. 她不能拒絕他任何事情。
有時兩個詞或三個詞在一起構(gòu)成一個成語,作用和一個單一動詞差不多,稱為成語動詞。這種動詞主要有下面四類:
1) 不及物動詞+副詞:
The war broke out in 1939. 戰(zhàn)爭于1939年爆發(fā)。
She didn't want to fall behind in her studies. 她不愿意學(xué)習(xí)落后。
How did the accident come about? 這事故是怎樣發(fā)生的?
The wind has died down a bit. 風(fēng)平息了一點。
常見的這類動詞有:
2) 不及物動詞+介詞:
He could not account for his absence from school. 他無法解釋他為什么缺課。
I called on her this morning. 今早我拜訪了她。
I ran across her in the library yesterday. 昨天我在圖書館碰到了她。
You'd better wait and watch for a better chance. 你最好等等,留心更好的機會。
常見的這類成語動詞有:
有些不及物動詞可以跟副詞也可以跟介詞構(gòu)成成語動詞:
不及物動詞+副詞 不及物動詞+介詞
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* * *
We mustn't lag behind. 我們不能落后。 We mustn't lag behind others. 我們不能落在別人后面。
They hope to break through soon in this research.他們希望這項研究不久能取得突破。 The allies sought to break through the German lines. 盟軍設(shè)法突破了德軍的防線。
We must be getting off now. 現(xiàn)在我們得動身了。 Then they got off the bus. 隨后他們下車了。
Let's all join in. 咱們都參加進去。 He joined in the march. 他參加了游行。
3) 及物動詞+副詞:
He is trying to bring about a reconciliation. 他在努力促成和解。
I'll try to hurry him up. 我來設(shè)法催促他。
The trolley-bus stopped to put down three passengers. 電車停下來,讓三位乘客下車。
They are going to knock down those old houses. 他們要拆掉那些老房子。
這類成語動詞很多,常見的有下面這些:
也有部分成語動詞是由及物動詞+介詞構(gòu)成的,如:
Don't build on his promises. 不要信賴他的諾言。
He talked me into changing my job. 他說服我改換了工作。
They showed her round the house. 他們帶她在屋里到處看了看。
She set the children against their father. 她讓孩子們反對他們的父親。
4) 動詞+副詞+介詞:
還有一部分成語動詞由三個詞構(gòu)成,即“動詞+副詞+介詞”,介詞后跟賓語,如:
I can't put up with these noisy people. 我無法忍受這些嘈雜的人。
You might come up against a bit of opposition. 你可能會遭到一點反對。
Don't look down on this kind of work. 不要看不起這種工作。
I'm looking forward to her arrival. 我盼望著她的到來。
這類成語動詞常見的有:
5) 包含名詞的動詞成語:
有些由動詞構(gòu)成的成語包含有一個名詞,多數(shù)語言學(xué)家都不把它們歸入成語動詞范圍之內(nèi),但它們的作用和成語動詞是差不多的。這類成語可分為以下三類:
a. 動詞+名詞:
b. 動詞+名詞+介詞:
c. 動詞+介詞+名詞:
關(guān)于成語動詞還可參閱第13.3.4節(jié)及附錄1。
系動詞有下面這些:
1) be:
這個系動詞用得最多,后面可以跟各式各樣的表語:
She's a good swimmer. 她是位游泳好手。(跟名詞)
Be quiet! 安靜點?。ǜ稳菰~)
He isn't in at the moment. 他此刻不在家。(跟副詞)
He has been in Germany for five years. 他在德國住了五年。(跟介詞短語)
Who is she? 她是誰?(跟代詞)
To know everything is to know nothing. 事事皆通,事事稀松。(跟不定式)
Let X be 10. 設(shè)X等于10。(跟數(shù)詞)
The flowers in the park are pleasing. 公園里的花很怡人。(跟現(xiàn)在分詞)
She's disappointed with me. 她對我很失望。(跟過去分詞)
That's why I'm against the idea. 因此我反對這個想法。(跟從句)
He's twice David's size. 他的個子比大衛(wèi)大一倍。(跟詞組)
還可用于許多成語中,如be in, be off, be on, be over, be through, be fond of, be sure of, be tired, be careful of, be mindful of, be keen on, be weary of, be productive of等。
2) appear:
后面主要跟:
a. 形容詞或過去分詞:
He appeared quite well. 他似乎身體很不錯。
She appeared perplexed. 她顯得有些困惑。
b. 跟名詞:
It appears (to be) a true story. 它似乎是一個真實的故事。
He didn't want to appear a fool. 他不想顯得像一個傻瓜。
c. 跟從句:
It appeared that he had an unusual taste for music. 似乎他對音樂有著非凡的鑒賞力。
It appeared that Harry was taking her to the opera. 看來哈利準(zhǔn)備帶她去看歌劇。
3) become:
后面可跟:
a.形容詞:
She had become quite familiar with this seaside city. 她對這座海濱城市已非常熟悉。
They became dizzy with this momentary "victory". 他們被一時的勝利沖昏了頭腦。
b. 過去分詞:
She was becoming annoyed with me. 她有點兒生我的氣。
He became acquainted with Balzac. 他和巴爾扎克認(rèn)識了。
c. 名詞:
She talked to me about becoming a teacher. 她和我談起要當(dāng)老師的事。
But his dream had not become a reality. 但他的夢想并未成真。
4) fall:
后面可跟:
a. 形容詞(只限于少數(shù)形容詞):
Soon she fell asleep. 不久她就睡著了。
He has fallen ill(sick). 他生病了。
還可用于fall vacant, fall silent等。
b. 名詞:
They didn't want to fall a victim to mammonism. 他們不愿成為拜金主義的犧牲品。
I fell a prey to evil dreams. 我常常受噩夢的折磨。
5) feel:
這個詞有兩重意思,一個主要意思是“感覺(如何)”,后面可跟:
a.形容詞(大量形容詞可以和feel連用):
I don't feel very well. 我感到不大舒服。
I've been feeling awfully bad about it. 對此我感到很難受。
b.過去分詞:
He felt troubled and distressed. 他感到很煩惱痛苦。
I feel puzzled and upset. 我感到困惑煩亂。
c. 介詞短語:
I feel at ease with her. 我和她在一起感到輕松自在。
She no longer felt in fighting mood. 她不再感到有旺盛的斗志。
還可表示“摸起來(如何)”:
It feels rough on the surface. 它的表面摸上去很粗糙。
Ice feels cold. 冰摸起來很涼。
6) get:
后面可以跟:
a. 形容詞(大量形容詞可以和get連用):
The whether is getting quite warm. 天氣變得相當(dāng)暖和。
I hope you won't get over-tired. 希望你不要過度勞累。
b. 過去分詞:
I get more and more absorbed in the work here. 我對這里的工作越來越投入了。
Don't get caught in the rain. 別讓雨淋著。
c. 現(xiàn)在分詞:
We'd better get moving. 我們最好開始動身。
Then they got chatting together. 后來他們在一起聊了起來。
d. 名詞:
You're getting quite a lad now. 你快長成大小伙子了。
He's getting a bad influence on my children. 他在對我的孩子產(chǎn)生壞影響。
e. 介詞短語:
It's getting near dinner-time. 快到吃飯時間了。
We'll let you know as soon as production gets under way. 生產(chǎn)一上軌道我們就通知你。
7) go:
在多數(shù)情況下都跟形容詞,但只能跟某些形容詞,如:
She went pale at the news. 聽了這消息她臉色發(fā)白。
He went mad (insane). 他瘋了。
另外還可跟white, gray, purple, red, hungry, sour, bad, bald, tired, sick, blind, sentimental, wrong, bankrupt, broke, rotten, independent, dead, lame等。此外,還可跟:
a.過去分詞:
His complaints went unnoticed. 他的抱怨沒人理會。
All the men there go armed. 那里的男人都帶武器。
b. 介詞短語:
This went out of fashion years go. 這許多年前就已過時了。
He went off his head. 他昏了頭。
c. 名詞:
Her rosy face went the colour of cream. 她紅紅的臉變成乳白色。
Her cheeks went a very pretty pink. 她的雙頰變成了漂亮的粉紅色。
8) grow:
這個詞主要跟形容詞,如:
The dispute grew more violent. 爭論越來越激烈。
The noise grew louder. 聲音越來越大。
此外還可跟cold, hot, calm, old, big, thin, bright, stuffy, angry, rich, restless, uneasy, worse, fat, dark, fierce, serious, loud, intimate, tall等。
還可跟過去分詞:
You'll grow used to it. 對此你會習(xí)慣的。
I grow excited and red-eared, and a little frightened. 我變得興奮起來,耳朵也紅了,還有點害怕。
偶跟介詞短語:
It has grown out of fashion. 它已經(jīng)不時興了。
These ideas have grown out of date. 這些觀念已經(jīng)陳舊了。
9) keep:
在用作系動詞時它后面可以跟:
a. 形容詞:
The whether is keeping fine. 天氣一直很晴朗。
I hope you are keeping well. 我希望你身體(保持)健康。
后面還可以跟quiet, silent, calm, fit, cool, warm, fine, close, near等。
b. 副詞:
Danger! Keep out! 危險!切勿靠近!
He kept apart from the other students. 他不和別的學(xué)生待在一起。
c. 介詞短語:
Please try to keep out of the way. 勞駕,請別擋道。
We must keep in close contact with the media. 我們必須與新聞媒體保持密切聯(lián)系。
10) look:
作系動詞時表示“看起來…”,后面可以跟:
a. 形容詞:
She looked nervous and apologetic. 她顯得緊張并有歉意。
The case looks promising. 這案子看起來很有希望。
b. 過去分詞:
He looked startled when she came in. 她進來時,他顯得很吃驚。
She looked very concerned and troubled. 她看上去非常憂慮苦惱。
c. 名詞:
Now she looked a grown-up young women. 現(xiàn)在她看起來已是一個成年的姑娘了。
He looks sadness itself. 他顯得很凄傷的樣子。
d. 介詞短語:
He looked in splendid health. 他看上去身體很棒。
The whether doesn't look like clearing up. 天看起來不像會放晴。
還可跟副詞、數(shù)詞等:
He looks awfully down. 他顯得很消沉的樣子。
She looked about fourteen. 她看起來約莫十四歲。
11) prove:
這個詞作系動詞時表示“事實證明…”,后面可以跟:
a. 形容詞:
Treat us well:we shall not prove ungrateful. 好好待我們,我們不會忘恩負(fù)義的。
The extra room proved very useful. 這間備用房間證明是很有用的。
b. 名詞:
This would prove an excellent weapon. 這會證明是極好的武器。
It might prove the best plan. 這或可證明是最好的計劃。
c. 介詞短語:
These books may prove of use for you in future. 這些書將來可能證明對你有用。
Her advice proved of great value to our test. 她的意見證明對我們的試驗很有價值。
12) remain:
這個詞有時用作系動詞,表示“繼續(xù)(處于某種狀態(tài))”,后面可以跟:
a. 形容詞:
For a whole day the enemy remained inactive. 一整天敵人都沒有動靜。
Perhaps he could be induced to remain silent. 或許能勸他保持沉默。
b. 過去分詞:
She still remained unconvinced. 她仍然不相信。
But they remained unfinished. 但他們?nèi)匀粵]完成。
c. 現(xiàn)在分詞:
She remained standing for a good hour. 她站了足有一個鐘頭。
They remained listening. 他們?nèi)匀辉诼犞?/p>
d.名詞:
She remained the same Constance. 她還是原來的康士坦絲。
Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他為什么這樣做將永遠(yuǎn)是個謎。
e. 介詞短語:
You can't let the room remain like this! 你不能讓房間老是這樣!
They still remained at the mercy of the terrorists. 他們?nèi)匀宦犎慰植婪肿拥臄[布。
13) rest:
這個詞只在少數(shù)情況下用作系動詞:
The affair rests a mystery. 這事仍然是個謎。
Rest assured we will do all we can. 請放心,我們會全力以赴。
14) run:
這個詞間或用作系動詞,表示“變成(什么樣子)”,后面主要跟一些形容詞:
The rivers were beginning to run dry. 河流開始干涸。
My blood ran cold with fear. 我嚇得毛骨悚然。
還可用在run high, run low, run wild, run rife, run strong, run small, run loose, run short of, run out of等詞組中。
15) seem:
這是一個常用的系動詞,表示“看來”、“似乎”,后面可跟:
a. 形容詞:
She seems happy to me. 在我看來她似乎很愉快。
It seems probable that I'll be sent abroad next year. 看來我明年有可能被派往國外。
b. 分詞:
He seems rather agitated. 他好像相當(dāng)焦慮不安。
She seemed lacking in enthusiasm. 她似乎缺乏熱情。
c. 名詞:
It seems to me (to be) the best solution. 在我看來這似乎是最好的解決辦法。
She seemed an unusually clever girl. 她似乎是一個聰明絕頂?shù)墓媚铩?/p>
d. 介詞短語:
He seemed out of humour. 他好像情緒不佳。
She seemed in high spirits. 她似乎情緒高昂。
16) smell:
作系動詞時表示“聞起來…”,多跟形容詞:
Roses smell sweet. 玫瑰花有香味。
The dinner smells good. 飯菜味道很香。
間或跟介詞短語:
The soup smells of garlic. 這湯有大蒜味。
What does the perfume smell like? 這種香水是什么味?
17) sound:
作系動詞時表示“聽起來…”,通常后面跟形容詞:
How sweet the music sounds! 這音樂聽起來多甜美呀!
Don't speak like that. It sounds insincere to me. 別這樣講,在我聽來這顯得不誠懇。
間或跟名詞(a)或介詞短語(b):
a. Your idea sounds (like) a good one. 你的想法聽起來不錯。
He sounded a hard man. 他聽起來像是一個厲害的人。
b. It sounded like Beethoven. 這聽起來像貝多芬的音樂。
It almost sounds like science fiction. 這聽起來幾乎像科幻小說。
18) stay:
這個詞只在少數(shù)情況下用作系動詞,意思是“保持(某種狀態(tài))”,后面主要跟形容詞:
He stayed single for many years. 許多年他都是單身。
I'm going to stay awake to see the eclipse. 我準(zhǔn)備熬夜來觀看月蝕。
間或跟介詞短語(a)或過去分詞(b):
a. They are not likely to stay in power after the election. 選舉之后他們可能不會繼續(xù)執(zhí)政。
Father wanted us to stay out of trouble. 父親要我們別惹麻煩。
b. Please stay seated. 請不要站起來。
The police prefer to stay unarmed. 警察們寧愿不帶槍。
19) taste:
作系動詞時意思是“吃(喝)起來…”,后面多跟形容詞:
The meat tastes good. 這肉味道很好。
The milk doesn't taste right this morning. 今天早上這奶味道不大對。
This soup tastes awful. 這湯味道糟透了。
20) turn:
作系動詞時主要表示“變得(成)…”,后面可以跟:
a. 形容詞:
He turned rather pink. 他的臉紅了。
It's turned awfully chilly. I think it's going to snow. 天變得冷極了,我想要下雪了。
b. 名詞:
He has turned traitor (Mahammedan). 他成了叛徒(回教徒)。
She turned botanist. 她成了植物學(xué)家。
1) be, have, do都可用作助動詞:
a. be可構(gòu)成進行時態(tài)、被動語態(tài)和復(fù)合謂語:
She is writing a novel. 她在寫小說。(進行時態(tài))
What have you been doing? 你干什么來著?(進行時態(tài))
She was given a warm welcome. 她受到熱烈歡迎。(被動語態(tài))
The case is being investigated. 這案子正在調(diào)查。(被動語態(tài))
How are you to explain all this? 這一切你怎么解釋?(復(fù)合謂語)
b. have可構(gòu)成完成時態(tài)和完成進行時態(tài):
She'd (had) been out shopping. 她出去買東西了。(完成時態(tài))
They have set up a network of financial advice centers. 他們建立了一個金融咨詢中心網(wǎng)。(完成時態(tài))
She's (has) been doing some research work. 她一直在做研究工作。(完成進行時)
That was the letter we'd (had) been expecting. 這正是我們在期待的信。(完成進行時)
c. do可構(gòu)成疑問句、否定句,用于強調(diào)或代表前面動詞以避免重復(fù):
When did she get there? 她什么時候到的?(疑問句)
He doesn't know anything about it. 他對此一無所知。(否定句)
Do stay for a couple more days. 務(wù)請再待兩三天。(強調(diào))
He speaks English better than I do. 他英文講得比我好。(代表前面動詞)
2) shall,will,should,would:
這幾個詞都可用作助動詞,但有時有一定的意思,接近一個情態(tài)動詞:
a.will 主要用來構(gòu)成將來時態(tài),可用于多個人稱(will not??删o縮為won't/w??nt/):
When will you be back? 你什么時候回來?
I'll let you know in a day or two. 一兩天后我將通知你。
They won't let you down. 他們不會讓你失望的。
b. shall主要用在第一人稱作主語的問句中,征求對方意見:
Shall I wait for you? 我要不要等你?
Shall we meet again tomorrow? 明天咱們要不要再碰頭?
How shall I help you? 我該怎么幫助你?
在英國,也有人把它用于第一人稱的肯定句或否定句(在口語中shall not可緊縮為shan't /?ɑ?nt/):
I shall often be coming to Pisa. 我會時常到比薩來。
We shall read about it tomorrow. 明天我們就會讀到這消息了。
We shan't be coming back today. 我們今天不回來了。
c. would主要用來構(gòu)成過去將來時態(tài),可用于多個人稱:
I knew you would agree. 我知道你會同意的。
I asked if he would come and join us. 我問他是否愿意來參加我們的活動。
I said that I would arrange everything. 我說我會安排一切的。
也可用來提出請求、看法等:
Would you please look over my essay? 可否勞駕看一遍我的文章?
What would you like? 你愿意要什么?
I'd go there with you. 我愿和你一道去。
還可用在虛擬條件句中:
I would do it if I could. 如果我有能力我會這樣做的。
If he were in town, he'd help. 如果他在城里,他會幫忙的。
d. should間或還用來構(gòu)成過去將來時(但大多數(shù)人已改用would),用在第一人稱后:
We (I) never thought we (I) should (would) see you again. 我們以為不會再見到你了。
The weather report said that we should have rain. 天氣預(yù)報說會下雨。
目前更多用來表示“應(yīng)當(dāng)”(a)或用在某些從句中(b):
a. You should do it for your own good. 為了你自己好,你應(yīng)當(dāng)去做。
Why should I pay him? 我為什么該付他錢?
b. He wrote, suggesting that we should go to Paris. 他來信了,建議我們?nèi)グ屠琛?/p>
It will be better that he should be out of France. 他離開法國會好一些。
It is dreadful that they should be so miserable. 他們竟然這樣悲慘,太可怕了。
We hid it so that he should not see it. 我們把它藏了起來以免被他看到。
關(guān)于這幾個詞的詳細(xì)用法見第11章。
3) can, could, may, might, must:
這五個詞都是情態(tài)動詞,它們和一個動詞原形構(gòu)成謂語,各有一定的意思,在各個人稱后形式都一樣。
a. can主要表示“能夠”、“可以”(它的否定形式can not常緊縮為can't,英國讀作/kɑ?nt/,美國讀作/kænt/):
Who can prove it? 誰能證明這一點?
These difficulties, we can and must overcome. 這些困難我們能夠也必須克服。
I'm like that, you can't alter me. 我就是這樣,你沒法改變我。
We can call for you at nine. 我們可以九點鐘來叫你。
He can't be more than thirty. 他不會超過三十歲。
b. could可以作can的過去式,表示它的多種意思:
He could not follow their argument. 他聽不明白他們的爭論。
He said he couldn't come. 他說他不能來。
Mother said we couldn't go out at night. 媽媽說晚上我們不能出去。
I thought he could be in bed now. 我想這會兒他可能在睡覺。
也可比較婉轉(zhuǎn)地提出請求或看法等:
Could you lend me your car? 你能把車借給我嗎?
Yes, his story could be true. 對,這個說法可能是真的。
I could come earlier, if necessary. 如果必要我可以來早點。
c. may主要表示“可能”、“或許”:
She may come tonight. 她今晚可能來。
He may not like the idea. 他可能不贊成這個主意。
They may be in the library now. 他們現(xiàn)在或許在圖書館。
也可用在問句中表示“可否”,用在陳述句中表示“可以”:
May I come round in the morning?——Yes, please do. 我可否早上來?——可以,請來吧。
May he go there with you?——Yes, he may. 他可以和你一道去那兒嗎? ——可以。
You may come again tomorrow. 你可以明天再來。
d. might可以作may的過去式:
He thought she might be in her office. 他想她或許在辦公室里。
I was afraid you might not be in. 我擔(dān)心你可能不在家。
He died so that others might live. 他犧牲了,以求別人能活下去。
有時可表示現(xiàn)在情況(和may一樣),只是口氣婉轉(zhuǎn)一些:
Might I have a little more? 我能再多要一點嗎?
You might just give me half a cup. 你可以給我半杯。
You might have some fever. 你可能有點發(fā)燒。
e. must主要表示“必須”、“一定要”,可用于任何時間:
We must leave early. 我們必須及早動身。
You must finish everything in time. 你一定要及時干完一切。
I must be off now. 我得走了。
否定式must not常緊縮為mustn't,讀作/?m?snt/,表示“一定不要”:
You mustn't forget to phone her. 你一定不要忘了給她打電話。
You mustn't be late again. 別再遲到了。
在回答包含must的問句時,若是肯定回答可用must,若為否定回答,要用needn't:
Must we finish everything tonight? 一切都要今晚完成嗎?
Yes, you must. 是的,必須今晚完成。
No, you needn't. 不,不必今晚完成。
此外還有半情態(tài)動詞(如dare,need)和相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動詞的結(jié)構(gòu)(如have to,ought to等),這些將在第11章里詳細(xì)討論。
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