第6章　數(shù)詞和量詞 6.4　量　詞

6.4　量　詞

6.4.1　量詞范圍

量詞（Quantifiers）不是一種詞類，而是許多與數(shù)量有關(guān)的詞和短語，它們包含：

1) 許多與數(shù)量有關(guān)的代詞和限定詞，如some，any，much，many等。

2) 各種數(shù)詞，如two，half，a third，80%等。

3) 名詞和of構(gòu)成的表數(shù)量的短語，如a lot of，plenty of等。

4) 某些與數(shù)量有關(guān)的形容詞，如enough，whole，half等。

5) 某些與數(shù)量有關(guān)的名詞，如feet，miles，years，dozen等。

6) 某些與數(shù)量有關(guān)的合成詞，如a five-dollar bill，a 6-page summary等。

7) 某些與數(shù)量有關(guān)詞組的所有格，如two months' stay，four weeks' notice等。

下面將簡要地加以處理。

6.4.2　與數(shù)量有關(guān)的代詞和限定詞

1) 有很多作定語的代詞和限定詞，特別是不定代詞和相關(guān)限定詞，可用來表示數(shù)量：

How much rent do you pay? 你交多少房租？

Few words are best. （諺）少說為妙。

Many hands make light work. （諺）人多好辦事。

This might serve several purposes. 這也許能達(dá)到幾個(gè)目的。

2) 這類代詞也可作主語、賓語等，表示數(shù)量：

a. 主語：

Most of the people have fled. 大多數(shù)人都逃跑了。

None of us are surprised. 我們誰也不感到吃驚。

Many a little makes a mickle. （諺）集腋成裘。

b. 賓語或介詞的賓語：

He ate a little before going out. 他外出前吃了一點(diǎn)東西。

I don't know much about psychology. 我對心理學(xué)不太懂。

A friend to all is a friend to none. （諺）濫交者無友。

關(guān)于這類詞，詳見第5.6.5—5.7.7節(jié)。

6.4.3　由“名詞+of”構(gòu)成的量詞

1) 這類量詞為數(shù)很多，它們都加在所修飾詞前面：

A lot of people have the same experience. 大量的人有同樣的經(jīng)歷。

I have lived here quite a number of years. 我在這里住了許多年了。

She had plenty of imagination. 她有豐富的想像力。

We need a sufficient amount of flour. 我們需要足夠量的面粉。

A good many of them are beginners. 他們很多人都是初學(xué)者。

He lost a great quantity of blood. 他失血很多。

We walked a couple of miles. 我們步行了二三英里。

She had a heap of trouble. 她有很多麻煩事。

I have a ton of work to do before I leave. 我走之前有大量工作要做。

She bears a load of anxiety. 她憂心忡忡。

I've a mass of things to see to this morning. 今天上午我有很多事要辦。

有些這類名詞可用復(fù)數(shù)形式，強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量之多：

Numbers of people came to the meeting. 與會(huì)者人數(shù)眾多。

We've had quantities of rain this summer. 今年夏天下了大量的雨。

I've got tons of letters to write. 我有好多好多的信要寫。

She bought lots of food. 她買了大量的食物。

That man seems to have heaps of money. 那個(gè)人似乎錢多的不得了。

There are masses of people in the hall. 大廳里有好多人。

2) 有些這類量詞表示“少量的”：

She is just out to do a bit of shopping. 她只是出來買點(diǎn)東西。

He put a pinch of salt in his soup. 他在湯里放了一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)鹽。

She has a touch of cold. 她略微有點(diǎn)感冒。

A dash of vinegar might help the salad. 生菜里加一點(diǎn)醋也許更好吃。

Have a spot of tea. 喝一點(diǎn)茶吧。

There's not a shred of evidence that he took the money. 沒有絲毫證據(jù)表明錢是他拿的。

There is a grain of truth in his assertion. 他的話有一點(diǎn)真實(shí)性。

There was a trace of jealousy in her voice. 她的聲音里有一絲妒忌情緒。

There is not a speck of truth in his claim. 他的話毫無真實(shí)之處。

Will you have a drop of brandy? 你要不要喝一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)白蘭地？

3) 有些這類量詞與形狀有關(guān)：

I need a ball of string. 我需要一團(tuán)線。

He was sucking a stick of toffee. 他在吮吸一根棒糖。

The president was surrounded by a ring of bodyguards. 總統(tǒng)身邊圍著一圈保鏢。

There is a strip of sticky tape round the lid. 蓋子周邊有一條膠帶。

A shaft of sunlight brightened the room. 一道陽光照亮了房間。

Elli brought a bunch of flowers. 艾麗帶來了一束花。

A thread of light emerged from the keyhole. 從鑰匙孔透進(jìn)一絲亮光。

A goat has a tuft of hair on its chin. 山羊下巴上長有一撮胡須。

A wall of fire stood before them. 他們面前有一堵火墻。

There was a gush of blood as his wound re-opened. 他的傷口重開時(shí)血流如注。

A loud gust of laughter came from the next room. 從隔壁房間傳來一陣笑聲。

The fountain sent up a jet of water. 噴泉噴出一根水柱。

Streams of people were coming out of the railway station. 一股股人流從車站涌出。

She attacked him with a torrent of abuse. 她對他一陣謾罵。

A shower of stones greeted him. 石頭雨點(diǎn)般地向他砸來。

Clouds of smoke rose from the bombed city. 挨炸的城市升起團(tuán)團(tuán)濃煙。

There might still be a ray of hope. 可能還有一線希望。

She has a mountain of dirty clothes to wash. 她有一大堆臟衣服要洗。

4) 還有不少量詞表示一群人（a）或動(dòng)物（b）：

a. A group of students asked to see the principal. 有一群學(xué)生要見校長。

The discovery was made by a team of scientists. 這是由一組科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)的。

A gang of workers were repairing the road. 一伙工人在修馬路。

You're behaving like a bunch of idiots. 你們的舉動(dòng)像一群白癡。

A company of travellers are expected to arrive soon. 一批游客預(yù)計(jì)不久就要到來。

A troupe of acrobats entertained them. 一群雜技演員為他們作了表演。

We met a host of students. 我們碰到了一大群學(xué)生。

A strange collection of people attended the party. 一伙稀奇古怪的人參加了這個(gè)聚會(huì)。

She's always surrounded by swarms of photographers. 她身邊總是圍著一大群攝影師。

A pack of angry shoppers demanded their money back. 一群生氣的顧客要求退錢。

b. A flock of sheep blocked the road. 一群綿羊擋住了道路。

The lion was chasing a herd of deer. 那頭獅子在追逐一群鹿。

A pack of hounds chased the fox. 一群獵犬在追趕狐貍。

We saw a pride of lions resting by the stream. 我們看見一群獅子在溪邊休息。

A swarm of locusts destroyed the crop. 一大群蝗蟲毀壞了莊稼。

Electronic detectors tracked down schools of fish. 電子探測器追蹤到了魚群。

A flight of ducks passed overhead. 一群鴨子從頭上飛過。

A cloud of mosquitoes came over. 一大群蚊子飛了過來。

5) 還有許多這類量詞與容器有關(guān)：

a bottle of beer　一瓶啤酒

a box of chocolate　一盒巧克力

a can of soup　一個(gè)湯罐頭

a bowl of rice　一碗飯

a cup of tea　一杯茶

a basket of fruit　一籃水果

a bucket of water　一桶水

a sack of corn　一袋玉米

a bag of toffees　一袋太妃糖

a crate of bananas　一筐香蕉

a glass of fruit juice　一杯果汁

a mug of milk　一大杯奶

a packet of cigarettes　一包香煙

a pot of jam　一鍋果醬

a spoon of sugar　一匙白糖

a tube of toothpaste　一管牙膏

a barrel of oil　一桶石油

a carton of yoghurt　一（紙）盒酸奶

a jar of marmalade　一罐橘子醬

a pack of gum　一小包口香糖

a plate of beef　一盤牛肉

a package of detergent　一包洗滌劑

有些名詞后可加詞尾-ful來表示數(shù)量：

a spoonful of vinegar　一勺醋

a basketful of peaches　一筐桃子

a handful of raisins　一把葡萄干

a mouthful of food　一口食物

an armful of flowers　一捧花

a houseful of guests　一屋子客人

a busful of children　一車孩子

a roomful of antiques　一房間的古董

6.4.4　一些與數(shù)量有關(guān)的詞

1) 一些與數(shù)量有關(guān)的形容詞：

有不少形容詞與數(shù)量有關(guān)：

The thesis was about two hundred pages long. 這篇論文約有兩百頁長。

The tree is a hundred feet tall. 那棵樹有一百英尺高。

The road is 8 metres wide. 這條馬路有八米寬。

The lake there is eight feet deep. 那里的湖有八英尺深。

The river is 30 feet broad. 這條河寬三十英尺。

The outer wall is twelve feet thick. 外墻厚十二英尺。

The building is over thirty stories high. 這座大樓有三十多層高。

2) 一些與數(shù)量有關(guān)的名詞：

a. 有許多單位名稱經(jīng)常和數(shù)詞連用表示數(shù)量：

It weighs over 200 kilos. 它重二百多公斤。

The temperature rose ten degrees. 氣溫上升了十度。

There are sixteen ounces in one pound. 一英磅有十六英兩。

A pint of liquid is about four cupfuls. 一品脫約有四杯。

Will two yards of dress material be enough? 兩碼衣料夠了嗎？

It travels thousands of miles per second. 它一秒鐘能走幾千英里。

b. 也有些名詞和in連用，表示數(shù)量：

The snow is two feet in depth. 雪有兩尺厚。

He was about five feet in height. 他身高約五英尺。

The island is only 4 square kilometres in area. 這座島的面積只有四平方千米。

The river is thirty miles in length. 這條河有三十英里長。

The parcel is 2 pounds in weight. 這包裹重兩磅。

The room is 12 feet in width. 房間寬12英尺。

3) 也有一些表示數(shù)量的：

a. 合成詞：

a ten-dollar bill　十美元的鈔票

a two-page summary　兩頁的提綱

a 5-storeyed house　五層樓的房子

4 per cent interest　百分之四的利息

per-mu yield　畝產(chǎn)量

per capita wage　人均工資

a 44-hour week　每周工作44小時(shí)

a four fold increase　四倍的增長

b. 名詞所有格：

a week's wage　一周的工資

two weeks' notice　提前兩周通知

a day's journey　一天的路程

ten years' experience　十年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)

an hour's drive　開車一小時(shí)

ssix months' leave　六個(gè)月的假期