雙語+MP3|美國學生世界歷史54 畫“連城”游戲，三個國王成一行

54
Tick-Tack-Toe; Three Kings in a Row
畫"連城"游戲，三個國王成一行

     HERE are three kings:
　Richard of England,
　Philip of France, and
　Frederick Barbarossa of Germany.
     If you say their names over several times, they keep ringing through your mind and you can't seem to stop thinking them whether you want to or not.
     Jerusalem was captured. But it didn't stay captured very long. Muslims attacked and won it back again.
     The Christians started a Second Crusade. Thereafter about once in a lifetime during the next two hundred years there was one Crusade after another-eight or nine in all. Sometimes these later Crusades won back Jerusalem for a while, but for a while only. Sometimes they did not succeed at all.

Richard of England, Philip of France, and Frederick Barbarossa
英國的理查、法國的腓力和腓特烈·巴巴羅薩
     The Third Crusade took place about a hundred years after the first; that is, nearly 1200 A.D. These three kings-Richard of England, Philip of France, and Frederick Barbarossa-started on the Third Crusade. But they didn't all finish. I'll tell you about them in three-two-one-order.

     Frederick's name, Barbarossa, meant Red Beard, for in those days it was the custom to give kings nicknames that described them. Frederick's capital was in Aix-la-Chapelle, as Charlemagne's had been, but Frederick was king only of Germany. When a young man, he had tried to make his country as large and powerful as the new Roman Empire that Charlemagne had made. But he was not a great enough man, and so was unable to do what Charlemagne had done. Frederick was quite old when he started out on the Third Crusade with the other two kings. But he never reached Jerusalem, for in crossing a stream on the way, he was drowned. So much for Frederick, the third king.
     The second king, Philip of France, was jealous of the first king, Richard, because Richard was so very popular and well liked by the Crusaders. Philip finally gave up the Crusade and went back to France.
     Richard of England was then the only king left on the Crusade. It would have been better if he, too, had gone back to his country instead of gallivanting off on a Crusade. But he thought going on a Crusade was much better sport than staying at home and working over the difficult business of governing his people.
     Richard was kind and gentle, yet strong and brave. Richard the Lion-Hearted they called him. He was hard on wrongdoers but fair and square. People loved him, but they feared him, too, for he punished the wicked and those who misbehaved.
     Even Richard's enemies admired him. The Muslim king of Jerusalem at the time of this Third Crusade was named Saladin. Saladin, though being attacked by Richard, admired him very much and even became his friend. So Saladin, instead of fighting Richard, finally made a friendly agreement with him to treat the Holy Sepulcher and the pilgrims properly. As this arrangement was satisfactory to everyone, Richard left Jerusalem to Saladin and started back home.
     On his way home Richard was captured and put in prison by the son of Frederick Barbarossa and held for a large ransom from England. Richard's friends did not know where he was and did not know how to find him.
     Now, it so happened that Richard had a favorite minstrel named Blondel. Blondel had composed a song of which Richard was very fond. When Richard was taken prisoner, Blondel wandered over the country singing everywhere this favorite song in the hope that Richard might hear it and reveal where he was. One day he happened to sing beneath the very tower where Richard was imprisoned. Richard heard him and answered by singing the refrain of the song. His friends then knew where he was, the ransom was paid, and Richard was allowed to go free.
     When, at last, Richard did reach England, he still had adventures. This was the time when Robin Hood was robbing travelers. Richard planned to have himself taken prisoner by Robin Hood, so that he might capture him and bring him to justice. Richard disguised himself as a monk and was captured as he had planned. But he found Robin Hood such a good fellow after all that he forgave him and his men.
     Richard's coat of arms was a design of three lions, one above the other; and this same design of three lions now forms part of the shield of England.
     After Richard's Crusade, there was a Fourth Crusade, and then in the year 1212-which is an easy date to remember, because it is simply the number 12 repeated one, two, one, two there was a crusade of children only. This was known therefore as the Children's Crusade. It was led by a French boy about twelve years old named Stephen, who was named after the first Christian martyr.
     Children from all over France left their homes and their mothers and fathers-it seems strange to us that their mothers and fathers let them start off on such a trip-and marched south to the Mediterranean Sea. Here they expected the waters of the sea would part and allow them to march on dry land to Jerusalem, as they had read in the Bible the waters of the Red Sea had done to allow the Israelites to leave Egypt. But the waters did not part.
     Some sailors, however, offered to take the children to Jerusalem in their ships. They said they would do it for nothing, just for the love of the Lord. But it turned out that these sailors were really pirates, and as soon as they got the children on board their ships they steered them straight into the very land of their enemies, the Muslims. Here, it is said, the pirates sold the children as slaves. This is not a Grimm's fairy tale, and the pirates were not trapped by the children, so I cannot make a happy ending, for it was not.
     The last or Eighth Crusade was led by a king of France called Louis. He was so pious and so devoted to the Lord that he was made a saint and ever after has been called St. Louis. Yet this Crusade failed, and ever since that time Jerusalem was ruled by Muslims until, in 1918, it was captured by the English, who kept it until 1948 when the state of Israel was established. Now, both Israeli Jews and Palestinians-Muslim and Christian-want control of the Holy City. It's very sad that this city that is so sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims is always at the center of a war.
     Not all the Crusaders were good Christians. Like some people nowadays, a great many were Christian only in name. In fact, though strange to say, quite a number of the Crusaders were nothing but scalawags, looking for excitement and adventure, and they went on a Crusade merely as an excuse to rob and plunder.
     The Crusades did not succeed in their object, which was to keep Jerusalem for the Christians. In spite of that, the Crusades did a great deal of good. When the Crusades first started, the Crusaders were not nearly as civilized as the people they went to conquer. But travel sometimes teaches people more than books, and it taught the Crusaders. They learned the customs of the other lands through which they went. They learned languages and literature. They learned history and art.
     There were then no public schools. Only a very, very few people had any education at all. The Crusades then did what schools might have done. They taught the people of Europe and opened up to them a whole new world of culture and knowledge.