現(xiàn)在分詞作定語和狀語的用法

1.分詞短語在句中作原因狀語時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。與時(shí)間狀語一樣，也要注意分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系。當(dāng)分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，用分詞的一般形式。此時(shí)分詞的邏輯主語須是句中的主語。這樣的原因狀語可以換成because, as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語，該從句謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)。

Not knowing how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help.

因?yàn)椴恢廊绾谓膺@道物理難題，他求助老師。

= Because he didn't know how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked…help.

2.當(dāng)分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前，可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式在句中作原因狀語，其邏輯主語須為句中的主語，該短語的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。該從句的謂語動(dòng)詞須用完成時(shí)。如：

Having lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well.

= Because we have lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well. 因?yàn)榕c那個(gè)女孩一起生活了五年，我們都非常了解她。

三、現(xiàn)在分詞短語在句中可以作條件狀語，其邏輯主語須為句中的主語，該短語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句。

Working hard, you'll succeed. = If you work hard, you'll succeed. 如果你努力工作，你會(huì)成功的。

Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the park.

= If you turn to the left, you will find the path leading to the park. 如果轉(zhuǎn)向左邊，你將找到通向公園的小道。

四、分詞短語在句中作讓步狀語

分詞短語在句中作讓步狀語時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語從句，有時(shí)分詞前可以帶有連接詞although, whether, even if, even though。

現(xiàn)在分詞短語作讓步狀語，分詞的邏輯主語是句中的主語，變成狀語從句時(shí)，需用主動(dòng)語態(tài)。

Weighing almost one hundred jin the stone was moved by him alone.

= Although the stone weighted almost one hundred jin, it was moved by him alone. 雖然那塊石頭重將近一百斤，他一個(gè)人就把它挪動(dòng)了。

五、分詞短語在句中作結(jié)果狀語

現(xiàn)在分詞短語在句中可以作結(jié)果狀語，它的邏輯主語便是句中的主語，該短語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語從句，且用主動(dòng)語態(tài)。分詞短語在句中作結(jié)果狀語時(shí)，通常位于句末，中間有逗號。有時(shí)為了加強(qiáng)語氣，就在分詞前加thus。

Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.

= Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus it caused the delay. 他們的車遇上交通阻塞，因而耽誤了。

六、分詞短語在句中表示方式或伴隨情況

分詞短語表示方式或伴隨情況是比較常見的。它用來說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況。一般情況下，現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，它的邏輯主語就是句中的主語，謂語動(dòng)詞作為主要?jiǎng)幼鳎F(xiàn)在分詞表示一個(gè)陪襯動(dòng)作，它沒有相應(yīng)的狀語從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換，但可以用并列句來轉(zhuǎn)換。過去分詞可以說明謂語動(dòng)作的背景。過去分詞與其邏輯主語之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如：

The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.

The children laughed and talked merrily, and they ran out of the room. 那些孩子們跑出房間，愉快地笑著、說著。

Helped by their teacher, the students finished the task successfully. 在老師的幫助下，學(xué)生們成功地完成了任務(wù)。

作定語

分詞作定語有兩種形式。它可以放在被修飾的名詞之前，稱為前置定語。有的放在被修飾的名詞之后，稱為后置定語。

(1)前置定語

He is a promising young man. 他是一個(gè)有前途的年輕人。

Make less noise. There’s a sleeping child. 不要出太大聲音，有個(gè)孩子在睡覺。

(2)后置定語

The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. 坐在約翰和瑪麗之間的那個(gè)年輕小伙子是校園報(bào)的編輯。

(3)分詞短語作定語必須置于被修飾詞之后，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如：

Those wishing to join this club should sign here. 想加入本俱樂部的人在這里簽名。 (=Those who wish to join the club should sign here.)

The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. 由于被嚴(yán)重困擾，這個(gè)人幾乎失去了記憶。 (The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.)

(4)完成體的分詞一般不作定語，若要表達(dá)完成意義最好用定語從句。如：

我們一般不說：The girl having won the race is my deskmate.

而常這樣說：The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.

(5)非限定性的完成體作定語或如果分詞所修飾的詞是泛指則沒有這個(gè)限制。如：

Anyone having passed the test has got a prize. 任何通過考試的人都能得到一份獎(jiǎng)品。

Charlie, having lived in Paris for years, decided to return to London. 在巴黎呆過多年，查理決定重返倫敦。

二、現(xiàn)在分詞短語作時(shí)間狀語有以下三種情況：

1.分詞動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，謂語動(dòng)作緊跟著發(fā)生，這時(shí)用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式作時(shí)間狀語，其邏輯主語為句中的主語。常用的動(dòng)詞，如：hear, see, arrive, return, get to, look, open, close, leave, turn around, walk等，表示一個(gè)極短暫動(dòng)作。

此種情況可以換作on+動(dòng)名詞，表示相同的意思。譯作"一(剛)……就……"。

此種情況也可以換作是when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，該從句的動(dòng)詞多用一般過去時(shí)表示。如：

Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.(= On hearing their teacher's voice… = When they heard their teacher's voice, the pupils…)一聽到教師的聲音，學(xué)生們立即停止講話。

2.謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作過程之中，則用when /while+現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式，分詞的邏輯主語為句中的主語。此種情況可以用in+動(dòng)名詞的一般式代替。

也可以換作when、while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，該從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如：

Don't be careless when /while having an exam. = Don't be careless in having an exam. = Don't be careless when / while you are having an exam. 考試時(shí)不要粗心。

注：此結(jié)構(gòu)中，不能用其他連接詞替換when或while。

3.分詞所表示的動(dòng)作完成之后，謂語動(dòng)作才發(fā)生，則要現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式，即having done的形式。分詞的邏輯主語應(yīng)是句中的主語。

這種情況可以用after+動(dòng)名詞的一般式表示。

這種情況也可以用after /when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句來替換，該從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成式。如：

Having finished his homework the boy was allowed to watch TV play.

After having finished his homework, the boy…

After /when he had finished his homework, the boy…